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Description

This is a very notable signed tachi by Shigetsugu from the earliest decades of the Ko-Aoe school, designated Jūyō in 2002. It features a classical workmanship that places it well before other known signed Shigetsugu works, confirming historical records of his early 13th-century activity. The sword exhibits characteristic Ko-Aoe traits such as wide nioguchi with much activity, prominent utsuri, and namazu-hada.

NBTHK Setsumei

Jūyō-Tōken, 48th Session — Designated October 11, 2002 Tachi, mei: Shigetsugu (重次) Measurements Nagasa 71.5 cm, sori 0.8 cm, motohaba 2.75 cm, sakihaba 1.7 cm, kissaki-nagasa 3.0 cm, nakago-nagasa 19.6 cm, nakago-sori none Description Keijō: shinogi-zukuri, iori-mune; mihaba and kasane are average; there is a clear difference between base and tip widths with a suggestion of funbari; the sori is shallow; chū-kissaki. Kitae: itame-hada mixed with mokume and nagare-hada, tending toward hada-dachi; fine ji-nie adheres, with fine chikei; partially mixed with mottled areas in the jihada; midare-utsuri appears. Hamon: Based on suguha, with shallow notare and a mixture of ko-midare, ko-gunome, and ko-chōji; ashi and yō enter well; nie is thickly applied, with places of particularly strong nie-tsuki; hotsure appears along the habuchi, and kinsuji and sunagashi occur frequently. Bōshi: Straight, ending in yakizume, with fine hakikake. Horimono: On both sides, a koshi-hi is carved along the shinogi-suji from the base up into the upper part of the nakago; on the omote it is kaki-nagashi, and on the ura it is finished maru-dome. Nakago: suriage; shallow kurijiri; yasurime (both old and new) are ō-sujikai; two mekugi-ana; on the ura side, just below the second mekugi-ana (the original hole), near the center toward the nakago-jiri, there is a boldly cut two-character signature in thick chisel strokes. Artisan Ko-Aoe school Shigetsugu (古青江 重次) Era Mid Kamakura period Explanation The Aoe school of Bicchū Province is traditionally said to have begun with Yasutsugu around the Jōan era, and thereafter produced many notable smiths down to the late Nanbokuchō period. Among this lineage, works that do not descend later than the mid-Kamakura period are especially referred to as Ko-Aoe (Old Aoe). Representative Ko-Aoe smiths include Moritsugu, Tametsugu, Tsugie, Tsugutada, Sadatsugu, Yasutsugu, Kanetsugu, Tsunetsugu, Toshitsugu, Suketsugu, and this Shigetsugu; many of them share the character “tsugu” (次) as a common element in their names. Their workmanship typically shows conspicuous mokume within the forging, with a tendency toward slightly standing grain, producing what is often described as a crepe-like texture; many examples also show mottled areas in the jihada. Their hamon may be calm, suguha-based compositions or may incorporate small irregularities; in general, nie adheres well, and compared with Bizen works of the same period, they tend to convey a somewhat subdued and quietly astringent taste. In addition, the practice of placing the signature on the ura (the side worn toward the body) and using ō-sujikai file marks are points that distinguish them from groups such as Ko-Bizen. This tachi clearly displays Ko-Aoe characteristics: the kitae is itame mixed with mokume and nagare, tending toward hada-dachi, with fine ji-nie and fine chikei, together with partial mottling, and a standing midare-utsuri. The hamon, based on suguha with shallow notare and mixed small midare, ko-gunome, and ko-chōji, contains abundant ashi and yō; thick nie adheres, and kinsuji and sunagashi appear repeatedly. The hamon is archaic in feeling, with strong nie and internal activities such as ashi, yō, kinsuji, and sunagashi, expressing a deeply nuanced and engaging style. As extant examples of Ko-Aoe Shigetsugu, three blades designated Important Works of Art (Jūyō Bijutsuhin) are well known, including a three-character signed tachi inscribed “Shigetsugu saku,” transmitted in the Kishu Tokugawa family. Whereas those works are all signed on the omote, this piece—like the usual practice among Ko-Aoe smiths—places the signature on the ura, a point especially deserving of note. Surviving works by Shigetsugu are rare, and this example is precious; moreover, it has high documentary value as reference material for research on this smith.

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tachiJūyō
Ko-Aoe Shigetsugu

Juyo Ko-Aoe Shigetsugu Tachi

mei · Ko-Aoe · Kamakura · nagasa 71.5cm · sori 0.8cm

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Measurements & details
Smith
Ko-Aoe Shigetsugu
Type
Tachi
School
Ko-Aoe
Period
Around 1264–1275(Bunei)
Province
Bitchū
Signature
Signed(80% of this smith's designated works are signed)
Measurements
Nagasa 71.5cmSori 0.8cmMotohaba 2.75cmSakihaba 1.7cmKasane 0.65cmWeight 656g
Description

This is a very notable signed tachi by Shigetsugu from the earliest decades of the Ko-Aoe school, designated Jūyō in 2002. It features a classical workmanship that places it well before other known signed Shigetsugu works, confirming historical records of his early 13th-century activity. The sword exhibits characteristic Ko-Aoe traits such as wide nioguchi with much activity, prominent utsuri, and namazu-hada.

NBTHK Zufu Commentary

Juyo #48

AI translation — may contain errors

-, 48th Session — Designated October 11, 2002

, : Shigetsugu (重次)

Measurements 71.5 cm, 0.8 cm, 2.75 cm, 1.7 cm, 3.0 cm, 19.6 cm, none

Description Keijō: , ; and are average; there is a clear difference between base and tip widths with a suggestion of ; the is shallow; . : mixed with and , tending toward ; fine adheres, with fine ; partially mixed with mottled areas in the ; appears. : Based on , with shallow and a mixture of , , and ; and enter well; is thickly applied, with places of particularly strong ; appears along the , and and occur frequently. : Straight, ending in , with fine . : On both sides, a is carved along the from the base up into the upper part of the ; on the it is kaki-nagashi, and on the it is finished . : ; shallow ; (both old and new) are ; two ; on the side, just below the second (the original hole), near the center toward the , there is a boldly cut two-character signature in thick chisel strokes.

Artisan school Shigetsugu (古青江 重次)

Era Mid period

Explanation The school of Bicchū Province is traditionally said to have begun with Yasutsugu around the Jōan era, and thereafter produced many notable smiths down to the late period. Among this lineage, works that do not descend later than the mid- period are especially referred to as (Old ).

Representative smiths include Moritsugu, Tametsugu, Tsugie, Tsugutada, Sadatsugu, Yasutsugu, Kanetsugu, Tsunetsugu, Toshitsugu, Suketsugu, and this Shigetsugu; many of them share the character “tsugu” (次) as a common element in their names. Their workmanship typically shows conspicuous within the forging, with a tendency toward slightly standing grain, producing what is often described as a crepe-like texture; many examples also show mottled areas in the . Their may be calm, -based compositions or may incorporate small irregularities; in general, adheres well, and compared with works of the period, they tend to convey a somewhat subdued and quietly astringent taste. In addition, the practice of placing the signature on the (the side worn toward the body) and using file marks are points that distinguish them from groups such as .

This clearly displays characteristics: the is mixed with and , tending toward , with fine and fine , together with partial mottling, and a standing . The , based on with shallow and mixed small , , and , contains abundant and ; thick adheres, and and appear repeatedly. The is archaic in feeling, with strong and internal activities such as , , , and , expressing a deeply nuanced and engaging style.

As extant examples of Shigetsugu, three blades designated Important Works of Art (Jūyō Bijutsuhin) are well known, including a three-character signed inscribed “Shigetsugu ,” transmitted in the Kishu Tokugawa family. Whereas those works are all signed on the , this piece—like the usual practice among smiths—places the signature on the , a point especially deserving of note. Surviving works by Shigetsugu are rare, and this example is precious; moreover, it has high documentary value as reference material for research on this smith.

About the maker

Shigetsugu

重次

Ko-Aoe (Bicchu) · Bitchu · around 1264-1275

Fujishiro Jo saku · Tōken Taikan top 8%

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A signed tachi designated at the 48th Jūyō session carries a two-character mei, Shigetsugu, cut boldly on the ura of a shortened tang filed in ō-sujikai, and the published commentary reads it as classic Ko-Aoe: "this tachi clearly displays the characteristics of Ko-Aoe.[[c:1]]" Shigetsugu is a smith of the Ko-Aoe, the early phase of the Aoe school of Bicchū Province. The published sources identify him with the craftsman recorded in the reference works as a son of Toshitsugu and placed in the mid-Kamakura period around Bun'ei (1264-1275); they note plainly that "this Shigetsugu corresponds to the smith transmitted in the meikan as the son of Toshitsugu, mid-Kamakura, around Bun'ei.[[c:2]]" The school itself is traced to Yasutsugu of the Jōan years, and works that do not descend past the mid-Kamakura are set apart as Ko-Aoe; among its representative hands the published record names Moritsugu, Tametsugu, Tsugie, Tsunetsugu, Toshitsugu, Suketsugu and this Shigetsugu, most of them carrying the character tsugu as a shared element of their names.

His surviving work is tachi, slender and well-shaped, with a deep koshi-zori and pronounced funbari, several still keeping their original tang. The hand that distinguishes him is a quiet one. Over an itame mixed with mokume, at times a closely packed ko-itame standing a little, he forges a steel somewhat dark in tone that tends toward sumihada, carrying the speckled jihada-madara and patchy jifu that are the Aoe jigane, with fine ji-nie and, on his most fully described blade, a clear midare-utsuri standing in the ji. The temper over that jigane is calm and archaic, a suguha base shallowly notare into which a small ko-midare of ko-gunome and ko-chōji enters. Ashi and yō are well present, the nie thick and in places particularly strong, and kinsuji and sunagashi run frequently along the edge. The bōshi runs straight to a yakizume-like finish with fine hakikake. The published sources call the effect old in feeling and rich in nie, the activity gathered not in towering clove clusters but in the small reversed-clove line and its internal work.

The jigane is where his school shows most plainly. The somewhat dark steel, the sumihada and jifu, and the crepe-like chirimen texture set the Aoe jigane against the brighter, cleaner ko-itame of contemporary Bizen, and the published commentary draws the contrast directly, judging Ko-Aoe work "on the whole somewhat subdued and quietly astringent in flavour compared with Bizen blades of the same period.[[c:3]]" Over that jigane the hamon stays comparatively restrained. The published sources praise the most fully described of his blades for being "archaic in the temper, well covered in nie,[[c:4]]" with ashi, yō, kinsuji and sunagashi showing within, a deeply nuanced and engaging manner rather than a flamboyant one.

Not all of his record is so quiet. One of his shortened, two-character-signed tachi opens instead into a dense, double-flower jūka-chōji-midare in nioi-deki with a tendency toward ko-nie, the ji an itame standing a little with sumihada and an utsuri-like reflection. The published sources note that, set beside his quieter suguha-toned work, the manner of the signature and the workmanship differ across his extant pieces, so the activity can open here into a richer clove-flower line. That blade carries a cut-in inscription recording its shortening in Tenbun 10 (1541) by Fukui Ukyō-no-suke Koremune Tadanō, a documented later history laid over an early hand.

What the judges single out separates him within his own school as much as from his neighbours. Compared with the brighter, cleaner steel of Ko-Bizen, his somewhat dark jihada with its sumihada and jifu reads as the Aoe jigane; and against the school's own conventions the published record notes a telling exception. The three prewar Important Art Object tachi are signed on the omote, which the commentary remarks is "although Ko-Aoe works, exceptionally bearing tachi-style signatures,[[c:5]]" whereas the Jūyō tachi places its signature on the ura in the usual Ko-Aoe manner, the tang filed in ō-sujikai; the placement of the signature and the file marks are exactly the points the published sources name as distinguishing the school from Ko-Bizen, and they cite them in support of the attribution. He stands among the named early hands of Aoe, the quiet Bicchū counterweight to the brilliance of Kamakura Bizen.

For the collector he is a rare early name, graded Jō saku by Fujishiro. He has no National Treasures and no Important Cultural Properties; his record runs instead through three blades designated Important Art Objects before the war and one tachi designated Jūyō, four designated works in all, and the published commentary calls the surviving examples precious, holding that "extant works by Shigetsugu are rare, and this one is precious[[c:6]]; moreover it has high value as reference material for the study of the smith.[[c:7]]" Their provenance runs through the great daimyō houses: the three-character Shigetsugu saku tachi was transmitted in the Kishū Tokugawa family before passing to Hon'ami Kōson, another descended through the Tokugawa house to Tokugawa Iesato, and a third was held by Miyazaki Tomijirō of Kanagawa. So few of his blades survive, and so seldom does a signed Ko-Aoe Shigetsugu come to light, that a privately held example is a notable thing for a collector to encounter, valued less as an ornament than as a document of how the Aoe school worked in its earliest age.

Historical importance

Where Shigetsugu stands among comparable artisans: across all of nihontō, and within tradition, era, and period. The tiers (Foremost · Leading · Major · Notable) weigh official designations from the NBTHK and Japan's Agency for Cultural Affairs, together with historical honors of lasting repute such as the Sansaku and Meibutsu-chō.

随一
Foremost
屈指
Leading
有数
Major
著名
Notable

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Designation record
5 designated works
Jūyō Bijutsuhin
3
Jūyō
2
Shigetsugu — full profileKo-Aoe (Bicchu) school

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About the school

Ko-Aoe

古青江

Bizen-den · Bitchu

Phase: Ko-Aoe古青江· 1100–1235

3 pieces on the market now

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The Ko-Aoe school flourished in the lower basin of the Takahashi River in Bitchu Province, forging swords at the districts of Koi and Manju in a region long renowned as a source of iron. The school is traditionally held to have begun with Yasutsugu around the Joan era (1171-1175), and works produced from the end of the Heian period through approximately the mid-Kamakura period are distinguished as Ko-Aoe, with production continuing under the broader Aoe designation through the late Nanbokucho era. The representative smiths of this early lineage -- Yasutsugu, Moritsugu, Sadatsugu, Tsunetsugu, Kanetsugu, Toshitsugu, Suketsugu, Tametsugu, Shigetsugu, and Tsugutada among them -- share the character "tsugu" as a common element in their names, forming an unusually cohesive dynastic identity. A distinct sub-lineage, the Senoo group, stood apart from this main line: led by Masatsune and Yukizane, the Senoo smiths forged to the east toward Bizen and rarely incorporated the "tsugu" character. " The Ko-Aoe technical vocabulary is remarkably consistent across its many smiths. The kitae is built on itame-hada intermixed with mokume, the grain standing conspicuously to produce chirimen-hada -- the tightly compressed, crepe-like surface texture that is the school's most recognizable trait. Patches of jifu and ji-madara mottle the ground steel, while fine ji-nie adheres thickly with chikei interwoven; a dark-toned sumi-hada may appear amid the standing grain. Utsuri manifests in several forms across the school's corpus: midare-utsuri, jifu-utsuri, and in certain works by Tsunetsugu, tiered bands suggestive of dan-utsuri. The hamon is predominantly suguha-based, mixed with ko-midare, ko-choji, and ko-gunome; ko-nie adheres well, and fine kinsuji and sunagashi run through the hardened edge, while the nioiguchi characteristically tends toward shizumi -- a subdued, sinking quality -- or in certain smiths appears bright and clear.

The boshi typically turns in ko-maru, sometimes with hakikake. Tang conventions provide critical diagnostic markers distinguishing Ko-Aoe from contemporary Ko-Bizen: bold o-sujikai file marks, deeply cut machi, and signatures placed on the haki-ura side in characteristically thick chisel work. The NBTHK consistently observes that compared with Bizen works of the same era, Ko-Aoe productions "convey a somewhat quieter and more subdued taste" -- the restrained, astringent shibui character that defines the school's aesthetic. Yet within this disciplined restraint, individual members demonstrated striking range. Yasutsugu's most celebrated tachi -- transmitted as an heirloom of the Shimazu family and counted among the legendary Tenka Goken -- displays a flamboyant midare-ba of extraordinary vitality that rivals anything produced in the Bizen tradition, while Sadatsugu's finest works invite comparison with National Treasure-class examples. The later Osumi no Gon no Suke Sadatsugu developed a bold personal manner, broadening the yakihaba, concentrating nie to produce shima-ba-like scenery, and tempering the boshi with deep kaeri -- features that overflow with vigor. Kanetsugu is praised for almost no unevenness of workmanship across his corpus, while Moritoshi's forging is singled out as tighter and better refined than is typical even within this exacting school. The Senoo branch, represented by Masatsune and Yukizane, carried a flavor somewhat resembling Bizen work while maintaining the characteristic chirimen-hada and o-sujikai file marks that identify the hand as unmistakably Bitchu. Across its full productive span, the Ko-Aoe school stands as one of the foundational pillars of the Japanese sword tradition: a lineage whose refined suguha aesthetic, distinguished crepe-textured forging, and quietly astringent taste secured Bitchu swords their ancient reputation and continue to command the deepest respect in the study of classical swordsmithing. Learn more →

Leading smiths
SmithEraDesignated
Masatsune正恒1213-121928
Yasutsugu康次1211-121311
Kanetsugu包次1211-12139
Tsunetsugu恒次1207-121112
Suketsugu助次1261-126414
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Historical context

Bizen in the Kamakura period

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Kamakura was Bizen’s summit. Tradition places Ichimonji smiths among Go-Toba’s goban kaji, Mitsutada founded the Osafune line at mid-century, and orders flowed from the court and the warrior government alike. No province holds more National Treasure blades.

Bizen in the Kamakura period →

NBTHK Certificate
Jūyō Tōken重要刀剣
Important Sword
›

A blade of top-grade workmanship and condition, formally judged to rank with a nationally recognized Important Art Object (Jūyō Bijutsuhin). Awarded only at the NBTHK’s competitive annual examination.

Of Japan’s roughly 2.5 million registered swords, only 12,307 (about 1 in 203) have ever attained Jūyō.

About the NBTHK›

The NBTHK (Nihon Bijutsu Tōken Hozon Kyōkai, the Society for the Preservation of Japanese Art Swords) is a public-interest incorporated foundation founded in 1948 and supervised by Japan’s Agency for Cultural Affairs (Bunkachō); it is based at the Japanese Sword Museum in Tokyo. Its expert panels physically examine each submitted work (shinsa) and issue a certificate (kanteishō) ranking it by artistic and historical merit. NBTHK papers are the most widely recognized standard of authentication for Japanese swords and fittings.

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Description

This is a very notable signed tachi by Shigetsugu from the earliest decades of the Ko-Aoe school, designated Jūyō in 2002. It features a classical workmanship that places it well before other known signed Shigetsugu works, confirming historical records of his early 13th-century activity. The sword exhibits characteristic Ko-Aoe traits such as wide nioguchi with much activity, prominent utsuri, and namazu-hada.

NBTHK Setsumei

Jūyō-Tōken, 48th Session — Designated October 11, 2002 Tachi, mei: Shigetsugu (重次) Measurements Nagasa 71.5 cm, sori 0.8 cm, motohaba 2.75 cm, sakihaba 1.7 cm, kissaki-nagasa 3.0 cm, nakago-nagasa 19.6 cm, nakago-sori none Description Keijō: shinogi-zukuri, iori-mune; mihaba and kasane are average; there is a clear difference between base and tip widths with a suggestion of funbari; the sori is shallow; chū-kissaki. Kitae: itame-hada mixed with mokume and nagare-hada, tending toward hada-dachi; fine ji-nie adheres, with fine chikei; partially mixed with mottled areas in the jihada; midare-utsuri appears. Hamon: Based on suguha, with shallow notare and a mixture of ko-midare, ko-gunome, and ko-chōji; ashi and yō enter well; nie is thickly applied, with places of particularly strong nie-tsuki; hotsure appears along the habuchi, and kinsuji and sunagashi occur frequently. Bōshi: Straight, ending in yakizume, with fine hakikake. Horimono: On both sides, a koshi-hi is carved along the shinogi-suji from the base up into the upper part of the nakago; on the omote it is kaki-nagashi, and on the ura it is finished maru-dome. Nakago: suriage; shallow kurijiri; yasurime (both old and new) are ō-sujikai; two mekugi-ana; on the ura side, just below the second mekugi-ana (the original hole), near the center toward the nakago-jiri, there is a boldly cut two-character signature in thick chisel strokes. Artisan Ko-Aoe school Shigetsugu (古青江 重次) Era Mid Kamakura period Explanation The Aoe school of Bicchū Province is traditionally said to have begun with Yasutsugu around the Jōan era, and thereafter produced many notable smiths down to the late Nanbokuchō period. Among this lineage, works that do not descend later than the mid-Kamakura period are especially referred to as Ko-Aoe (Old Aoe). Representative Ko-Aoe smiths include Moritsugu, Tametsugu, Tsugie, Tsugutada, Sadatsugu, Yasutsugu, Kanetsugu, Tsunetsugu, Toshitsugu, Suketsugu, and this Shigetsugu; many of them share the character “tsugu” (次) as a common element in their names. Their workmanship typically shows conspicuous mokume within the forging, with a tendency toward slightly standing grain, producing what is often described as a crepe-like texture; many examples also show mottled areas in the jihada. Their hamon may be calm, suguha-based compositions or may incorporate small irregularities; in general, nie adheres well, and compared with Bizen works of the same period, they tend to convey a somewhat subdued and quietly astringent taste. In addition, the practice of placing the signature on the ura (the side worn toward the body) and using ō-sujikai file marks are points that distinguish them from groups such as Ko-Bizen. This tachi clearly displays Ko-Aoe characteristics: the kitae is itame mixed with mokume and nagare, tending toward hada-dachi, with fine ji-nie and fine chikei, together with partial mottling, and a standing midare-utsuri. The hamon, based on suguha with shallow notare and mixed small midare, ko-gunome, and ko-chōji, contains abundant ashi and yō; thick nie adheres, and kinsuji and sunagashi appear repeatedly. The hamon is archaic in feeling, with strong nie and internal activities such as ashi, yō, kinsuji, and sunagashi, expressing a deeply nuanced and engaging style. As extant examples of Ko-Aoe Shigetsugu, three blades designated Important Works of Art (Jūyō Bijutsuhin) are well known, including a three-character signed tachi inscribed “Shigetsugu saku,” transmitted in the Kishu Tokugawa family. Whereas those works are all signed on the omote, this piece—like the usual practice among Ko-Aoe smiths—places the signature on the ura, a point especially deserving of note. Surviving works by Shigetsugu are rare, and this example is precious; moreover, it has high documentary value as reference material for research on this smith.

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tachiJūyō
Ko-Aoe Shigetsugu

Juyo Ko-Aoe Shigetsugu Tachi

mei · Ko-Aoe · Kamakura · nagasa 71.5cm · sori 0.8cm

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TachiJūyō
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Measurements & details
Smith
Ko-Aoe Shigetsugu
Type
Tachi
School
Ko-Aoe
Period
Around 1264–1275(Bunei)
Province
Bitchū
Signature
Signed(80% of this smith's designated works are signed)
Measurements
Nagasa 71.5cmSori 0.8cmMotohaba 2.75cmSakihaba 1.7cmKasane 0.65cmWeight 656g
Description

This is a very notable signed tachi by Shigetsugu from the earliest decades of the Ko-Aoe school, designated Jūyō in 2002. It features a classical workmanship that places it well before other known signed Shigetsugu works, confirming historical records of his early 13th-century activity. The sword exhibits characteristic Ko-Aoe traits such as wide nioguchi with much activity, prominent utsuri, and namazu-hada.

NBTHK Zufu Commentary

Juyo #48

AI translation — may contain errors

-, 48th Session — Designated October 11, 2002

, : Shigetsugu (重次)

Measurements 71.5 cm, 0.8 cm, 2.75 cm, 1.7 cm, 3.0 cm, 19.6 cm, none

Description Keijō: , ; and are average; there is a clear difference between base and tip widths with a suggestion of ; the is shallow; . : mixed with and , tending toward ; fine adheres, with fine ; partially mixed with mottled areas in the ; appears. : Based on , with shallow and a mixture of , , and ; and enter well; is thickly applied, with places of particularly strong ; appears along the , and and occur frequently. : Straight, ending in , with fine . : On both sides, a is carved along the from the base up into the upper part of the ; on the it is kaki-nagashi, and on the it is finished . : ; shallow ; (both old and new) are ; two ; on the side, just below the second (the original hole), near the center toward the , there is a boldly cut two-character signature in thick chisel strokes.

Artisan school Shigetsugu (古青江 重次)

Era Mid period

Explanation The school of Bicchū Province is traditionally said to have begun with Yasutsugu around the Jōan era, and thereafter produced many notable smiths down to the late period. Among this lineage, works that do not descend later than the mid- period are especially referred to as (Old ).

Representative smiths include Moritsugu, Tametsugu, Tsugie, Tsugutada, Sadatsugu, Yasutsugu, Kanetsugu, Tsunetsugu, Toshitsugu, Suketsugu, and this Shigetsugu; many of them share the character “tsugu” (次) as a common element in their names. Their workmanship typically shows conspicuous within the forging, with a tendency toward slightly standing grain, producing what is often described as a crepe-like texture; many examples also show mottled areas in the . Their may be calm, -based compositions or may incorporate small irregularities; in general, adheres well, and compared with works of the period, they tend to convey a somewhat subdued and quietly astringent taste. In addition, the practice of placing the signature on the (the side worn toward the body) and using file marks are points that distinguish them from groups such as .

This clearly displays characteristics: the is mixed with and , tending toward , with fine and fine , together with partial mottling, and a standing . The , based on with shallow and mixed small , , and , contains abundant and ; thick adheres, and and appear repeatedly. The is archaic in feeling, with strong and internal activities such as , , , and , expressing a deeply nuanced and engaging style.

As extant examples of Shigetsugu, three blades designated Important Works of Art (Jūyō Bijutsuhin) are well known, including a three-character signed inscribed “Shigetsugu ,” transmitted in the Kishu Tokugawa family. Whereas those works are all signed on the , this piece—like the usual practice among smiths—places the signature on the , a point especially deserving of note. Surviving works by Shigetsugu are rare, and this example is precious; moreover, it has high documentary value as reference material for research on this smith.

About the maker

Shigetsugu

重次

Ko-Aoe (Bicchu) · Bitchu · around 1264-1275

Fujishiro Jo saku · Tōken Taikan top 8%

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A signed tachi designated at the 48th Jūyō session carries a two-character mei, Shigetsugu, cut boldly on the ura of a shortened tang filed in ō-sujikai, and the published commentary reads it as classic Ko-Aoe: "this tachi clearly displays the characteristics of Ko-Aoe.[[c:1]]" Shigetsugu is a smith of the Ko-Aoe, the early phase of the Aoe school of Bicchū Province. The published sources identify him with the craftsman recorded in the reference works as a son of Toshitsugu and placed in the mid-Kamakura period around Bun'ei (1264-1275); they note plainly that "this Shigetsugu corresponds to the smith transmitted in the meikan as the son of Toshitsugu, mid-Kamakura, around Bun'ei.[[c:2]]" The school itself is traced to Yasutsugu of the Jōan years, and works that do not descend past the mid-Kamakura are set apart as Ko-Aoe; among its representative hands the published record names Moritsugu, Tametsugu, Tsugie, Tsunetsugu, Toshitsugu, Suketsugu and this Shigetsugu, most of them carrying the character tsugu as a shared element of their names.

His surviving work is tachi, slender and well-shaped, with a deep koshi-zori and pronounced funbari, several still keeping their original tang. The hand that distinguishes him is a quiet one. Over an itame mixed with mokume, at times a closely packed ko-itame standing a little, he forges a steel somewhat dark in tone that tends toward sumihada, carrying the speckled jihada-madara and patchy jifu that are the Aoe jigane, with fine ji-nie and, on his most fully described blade, a clear midare-utsuri standing in the ji. The temper over that jigane is calm and archaic, a suguha base shallowly notare into which a small ko-midare of ko-gunome and ko-chōji enters. Ashi and yō are well present, the nie thick and in places particularly strong, and kinsuji and sunagashi run frequently along the edge. The bōshi runs straight to a yakizume-like finish with fine hakikake. The published sources call the effect old in feeling and rich in nie, the activity gathered not in towering clove clusters but in the small reversed-clove line and its internal work.

The jigane is where his school shows most plainly. The somewhat dark steel, the sumihada and jifu, and the crepe-like chirimen texture set the Aoe jigane against the brighter, cleaner ko-itame of contemporary Bizen, and the published commentary draws the contrast directly, judging Ko-Aoe work "on the whole somewhat subdued and quietly astringent in flavour compared with Bizen blades of the same period.[[c:3]]" Over that jigane the hamon stays comparatively restrained. The published sources praise the most fully described of his blades for being "archaic in the temper, well covered in nie,[[c:4]]" with ashi, yō, kinsuji and sunagashi showing within, a deeply nuanced and engaging manner rather than a flamboyant one.

Not all of his record is so quiet. One of his shortened, two-character-signed tachi opens instead into a dense, double-flower jūka-chōji-midare in nioi-deki with a tendency toward ko-nie, the ji an itame standing a little with sumihada and an utsuri-like reflection. The published sources note that, set beside his quieter suguha-toned work, the manner of the signature and the workmanship differ across his extant pieces, so the activity can open here into a richer clove-flower line. That blade carries a cut-in inscription recording its shortening in Tenbun 10 (1541) by Fukui Ukyō-no-suke Koremune Tadanō, a documented later history laid over an early hand.

What the judges single out separates him within his own school as much as from his neighbours. Compared with the brighter, cleaner steel of Ko-Bizen, his somewhat dark jihada with its sumihada and jifu reads as the Aoe jigane; and against the school's own conventions the published record notes a telling exception. The three prewar Important Art Object tachi are signed on the omote, which the commentary remarks is "although Ko-Aoe works, exceptionally bearing tachi-style signatures,[[c:5]]" whereas the Jūyō tachi places its signature on the ura in the usual Ko-Aoe manner, the tang filed in ō-sujikai; the placement of the signature and the file marks are exactly the points the published sources name as distinguishing the school from Ko-Bizen, and they cite them in support of the attribution. He stands among the named early hands of Aoe, the quiet Bicchū counterweight to the brilliance of Kamakura Bizen.

For the collector he is a rare early name, graded Jō saku by Fujishiro. He has no National Treasures and no Important Cultural Properties; his record runs instead through three blades designated Important Art Objects before the war and one tachi designated Jūyō, four designated works in all, and the published commentary calls the surviving examples precious, holding that "extant works by Shigetsugu are rare, and this one is precious[[c:6]]; moreover it has high value as reference material for the study of the smith.[[c:7]]" Their provenance runs through the great daimyō houses: the three-character Shigetsugu saku tachi was transmitted in the Kishū Tokugawa family before passing to Hon'ami Kōson, another descended through the Tokugawa house to Tokugawa Iesato, and a third was held by Miyazaki Tomijirō of Kanagawa. So few of his blades survive, and so seldom does a signed Ko-Aoe Shigetsugu come to light, that a privately held example is a notable thing for a collector to encounter, valued less as an ornament than as a document of how the Aoe school worked in its earliest age.

Historical importance

Where Shigetsugu stands among comparable artisans: across all of nihontō, and within tradition, era, and period. The tiers (Foremost · Leading · Major · Notable) weigh official designations from the NBTHK and Japan's Agency for Cultural Affairs, together with historical honors of lasting repute such as the Sansaku and Meibutsu-chō.

随一
Foremost
屈指
Leading
有数
Major
著名
Notable

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Designation record
5 designated works
Jūyō Bijutsuhin
3
Jūyō
2
Shigetsugu — full profileKo-Aoe (Bicchu) school

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About the school

Ko-Aoe

古青江

Bizen-den · Bitchu

Phase: Ko-Aoe古青江· 1100–1235

3 pieces on the market now

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The Ko-Aoe school flourished in the lower basin of the Takahashi River in Bitchu Province, forging swords at the districts of Koi and Manju in a region long renowned as a source of iron. The school is traditionally held to have begun with Yasutsugu around the Joan era (1171-1175), and works produced from the end of the Heian period through approximately the mid-Kamakura period are distinguished as Ko-Aoe, with production continuing under the broader Aoe designation through the late Nanbokucho era. The representative smiths of this early lineage -- Yasutsugu, Moritsugu, Sadatsugu, Tsunetsugu, Kanetsugu, Toshitsugu, Suketsugu, Tametsugu, Shigetsugu, and Tsugutada among them -- share the character "tsugu" as a common element in their names, forming an unusually cohesive dynastic identity. A distinct sub-lineage, the Senoo group, stood apart from this main line: led by Masatsune and Yukizane, the Senoo smiths forged to the east toward Bizen and rarely incorporated the "tsugu" character. " The Ko-Aoe technical vocabulary is remarkably consistent across its many smiths. The kitae is built on itame-hada intermixed with mokume, the grain standing conspicuously to produce chirimen-hada -- the tightly compressed, crepe-like surface texture that is the school's most recognizable trait. Patches of jifu and ji-madara mottle the ground steel, while fine ji-nie adheres thickly with chikei interwoven; a dark-toned sumi-hada may appear amid the standing grain. Utsuri manifests in several forms across the school's corpus: midare-utsuri, jifu-utsuri, and in certain works by Tsunetsugu, tiered bands suggestive of dan-utsuri. The hamon is predominantly suguha-based, mixed with ko-midare, ko-choji, and ko-gunome; ko-nie adheres well, and fine kinsuji and sunagashi run through the hardened edge, while the nioiguchi characteristically tends toward shizumi -- a subdued, sinking quality -- or in certain smiths appears bright and clear.

The boshi typically turns in ko-maru, sometimes with hakikake. Tang conventions provide critical diagnostic markers distinguishing Ko-Aoe from contemporary Ko-Bizen: bold o-sujikai file marks, deeply cut machi, and signatures placed on the haki-ura side in characteristically thick chisel work. The NBTHK consistently observes that compared with Bizen works of the same era, Ko-Aoe productions "convey a somewhat quieter and more subdued taste" -- the restrained, astringent shibui character that defines the school's aesthetic. Yet within this disciplined restraint, individual members demonstrated striking range. Yasutsugu's most celebrated tachi -- transmitted as an heirloom of the Shimazu family and counted among the legendary Tenka Goken -- displays a flamboyant midare-ba of extraordinary vitality that rivals anything produced in the Bizen tradition, while Sadatsugu's finest works invite comparison with National Treasure-class examples. The later Osumi no Gon no Suke Sadatsugu developed a bold personal manner, broadening the yakihaba, concentrating nie to produce shima-ba-like scenery, and tempering the boshi with deep kaeri -- features that overflow with vigor. Kanetsugu is praised for almost no unevenness of workmanship across his corpus, while Moritoshi's forging is singled out as tighter and better refined than is typical even within this exacting school. The Senoo branch, represented by Masatsune and Yukizane, carried a flavor somewhat resembling Bizen work while maintaining the characteristic chirimen-hada and o-sujikai file marks that identify the hand as unmistakably Bitchu. Across its full productive span, the Ko-Aoe school stands as one of the foundational pillars of the Japanese sword tradition: a lineage whose refined suguha aesthetic, distinguished crepe-textured forging, and quietly astringent taste secured Bitchu swords their ancient reputation and continue to command the deepest respect in the study of classical swordsmithing. Learn more →

Leading smiths
SmithEraDesignated
Masatsune正恒1213-121928
Yasutsugu康次1211-121311
Kanetsugu包次1211-12139
Tsunetsugu恒次1207-121112
Suketsugu助次1261-126414
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Historical context

Bizen in the Kamakura period

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Kamakura was Bizen’s summit. Tradition places Ichimonji smiths among Go-Toba’s goban kaji, Mitsutada founded the Osafune line at mid-century, and orders flowed from the court and the warrior government alike. No province holds more National Treasure blades.

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NBTHK Certificate
Jūyō Tōken重要刀剣
Important Sword
›

A blade of top-grade workmanship and condition, formally judged to rank with a nationally recognized Important Art Object (Jūyō Bijutsuhin). Awarded only at the NBTHK’s competitive annual examination.

Of Japan’s roughly 2.5 million registered swords, only 12,307 (about 1 in 203) have ever attained Jūyō.

About the NBTHK›

The NBTHK (Nihon Bijutsu Tōken Hozon Kyōkai, the Society for the Preservation of Japanese Art Swords) is a public-interest incorporated foundation founded in 1948 and supervised by Japan’s Agency for Cultural Affairs (Bunkachō); it is based at the Japanese Sword Museum in Tokyo. Its expert panels physically examine each submitted work (shinsa) and issue a certificate (kanteishō) ranking it by artistic and historical merit. NBTHK papers are the most widely recognized standard of authentication for Japanese swords and fittings.

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Established 2005 · 21 yrs on the market
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Returns accepted on items ordered from the site when an item does not appear to be as depicted and described; buyer must notify via email within 7 days of receipt. Refund covers purchase price minus shipping, bank fees, and currency conversion. Sales on items paid in terms are final, as are sales of items personally inspected.

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Kodachi - Jūyō - by Chu-Aoe Yoshitsugu - Kodachi: Bitchu no Kuni ju Uemonnojo Tairano Yoshitsugu (Aoe)Kodachi - Jūyō - by Chu-Aoe Yoshitsugu - Kodachi: Bitchu no Kuni ju Uemonnojo Tairano Yoshitsugu (Aoe)

Kodachi

ByChu-Aoe Yoshitsugu
¥6,500,000
Eirakudo
Tokuho
Tokuho - by Aoe School - Aoe Katana Tokubetsu Hozon TokenTokuho - by Aoe School - Aoe Katana Tokubetsu Hozon Token

Aoe Katana Tokubetsu Hozon Token

ByAoe School
¥2,380,000
Token-Net
Jūyō
Jūyō - by Aoe School - Naginata Naoshi Katana: Mumei (Aoe)Jūyō - by Aoe School - Naginata Naoshi Katana: Mumei (Aoe)

Naginata Naoshi Katana: Mumei (Aoe)

ByAoe School
¥3,200,000
Samurai Store
Tokuho
Katana - Tokuho - by Aoe School - Antique Katana sword in Ornate Mounting Kamakura Period NBTHK Tokubetsu Hozon certificatedKatana - Tokuho - by Aoe School - Antique Katana sword in Ornate Mounting Kamakura Period NBTHK Tokubetsu Hozon certificated

Katana

ByAoe School
¥2,700,000
Tsuruginoya
Tokuho
Tokuho - by Aoe School - Naginata-naoshi Wakizashi: AoeTokuho - by Aoe School - Naginata-naoshi Wakizashi: Aoe

Naginata-naoshi Wakizashi: Aoe

ByAoe School
¥650,000
Toushin
Jūyō
Tachi - Jūyō - by Aoe School - Bicchunokuni ju Sahyoenojo Naotsugu saku - Gentoku 2nd year (details unknown)Tachi - Jūyō - by Aoe School - Bicchunokuni ju Sahyoenojo Naotsugu saku - Gentoku 2nd year (details unknown)

Tachi

ByAoe School
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Jūyō
Tanto - Jūyō - by Osafune Kagemitsu - Juyo Tanto by Bizen KagemitsuTanto - Jūyō - by Osafune Kagemitsu - Juyo Tanto by Bizen Kagemitsu

Tantō

ByOsafune Kagemitsu
¥89,500
Aoi Art
Jūyō Bijutsuhin
Daisho - Jubi - by Osafune Nagamitsu - Dai Sho: Katana (Important Art Object): Mumei (Attributed to Nagamitsu) / Wakizashi: Mumei (Attributed to Sekishu Naotsuna)Daisho - Jubi - by Osafune Nagamitsu - Dai Sho: Katana (Important Art Object): Mumei (Attributed to Nagamitsu) / Wakizashi: Mumei (Attributed to Sekishu Naotsuna)

Daishō

ByOsafune Nagamitsu
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Tsuruginoya
Jūyō
Katana - Jūyō - by Fukuoka Ichimonji School - Mumei Fukuoka IchimonjiKatana - Jūyō - by Fukuoka Ichimonji School - Mumei Fukuoka Ichimonji

Katana

ByFukuoka Ichimonji School
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Hyozaemon
Tokuho
Tokuho - by Fukuoka Ichimonji Yoshifusa - Naginata Naoshi Wakizashi by Fukuoka Ichimonji Yoshifusa, a Master of IchimonjiTokuho - by Fukuoka Ichimonji Yoshifusa - Naginata Naoshi Wakizashi by Fukuoka Ichimonji Yoshifusa, a Master of Ichimonji

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ByFukuoka Ichimonji Yoshifusa
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Aoi Art
Tokuho
Wakizashi - Tokuho - by Oei-Bizen Morimitsu - Bishū Osafune Morimitsu, dated Ōei 26 (1419) - NBTHK Tokubetsu Hozon TokenWakizashi - Tokuho - by Oei-Bizen Morimitsu - Bishū Osafune Morimitsu, dated Ōei 26 (1419) - NBTHK Tokubetsu Hozon Token

Wakizashi

ByOei-Bizen Morimitsu
Starting Bid¥1,500,000
Eirakudo
Tokuho
Katana - Tokuho - by Katayama Ichimonji School - Katayama Ichimonji - Tokubetsu Hozon TokenKatana - Tokuho - by Katayama Ichimonji School - Katayama Ichimonji - Tokubetsu Hozon Token

Katana

ByKatayama Ichimonji School
¥4,500,000
Eirakudo
Jūyō
Katana - Jūyō - by Motoshige - Motoshige - Juyo TokenKatana - Jūyō - by Motoshige - Motoshige - Juyo Token

Katana

ByMotoshige
¥6,000,000
Giheiya
Hozon
Katana - Hozon - by Takada School - Mumei (Hira Takada) - 72.1cm, with Koshirae and ShirasayaKatana - Hozon - by Takada School - Mumei (Hira Takada) - 72.1cm, with Koshirae and Shirasaya

Katana

ByTakada School
¥350,000

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