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OverviewKanteiDesignationsProvenanceBlade FormsSignaturesLineageSchool
  1. Schools
  2. Aoe
  3. Chū-Aoe
  4. Yoshitsugu

Aoe Yoshitsugu

吉次

Tokujū
Vol. 15, No. 26 · Katana

Aoe Yoshitsugu

吉次

17 ranked works

ProvinceBitchuEraKareki (1326–1329)PeriodKamakuraSchoolAoeTraditionBizen-denFujishiroJo-jo sakuToko Taikan1,000(top 8%)TypeSwordsmithCodeYOS888
1Jūyō Bunkazai
3Jūyō Bijutsuhin
1Gyobutsu
2Tokubetsu Jūyō10Jūyō Tōken

Overview

In the eleventh month of Karyaku 3 (1328) Yoshitsugu (吉次) of signed an " no jū Uemon no jō Taira Yoshitsugu " (備中国住右衛門尉平吉次作), an inscription the judges of high documentary value. He belongs to the school, which flourished along the lower Takahashi river in a province the early eleventh-century Sarugakuki already names for "the swords of " (備中ノ刀); work to about mid- is called , what follows simply . The records name him, "together with Suketsugu, Yoritsugu and Naotsugu, one of the representative smiths of the school in this era" (助次・頼次・直次らと共にこの時代の同派を代表する刀工の一人), and an older record calls him outright "the representative smith of the chū-" (中青江の代表工). His dated works carry Karyaku (1326-29) and Gentoku (1329-31), and the residence in his long signatures is written now " no jū" (備中国青江住), now "Bishū Manju jū" (備州万寿住), a divergence the records expressly point out.

His foundation, and his declared strength, is the of this generation at its calmest. Of the Karyaku 3 the judges write that it is "a blade in which the true mettle of Yoshitsugu, a smith whose forte is , is displayed without reserve" (直刃を得意とする吉次の本領が遺憾なく発揮された一口). The line is a , undulating shallowly in places, mixing , and ; and enter with among them, yet the slanting habit that marks the shows in him only partially, here and there. The tightens, carries , and is bright and clear; fine and run through, and intermittent near the base raises a -like effect. On the the line narrows to a with fine , the temper carried down through the , a habit shared also by the Gentoku 1 of Sahyōe no jō Naotsugu (左兵衛尉直次); of the Karyaku 3 the record writes that the quiet "overflows with a deep savor" (滋味に溢れている).

The is 's own. He forges a well-knit mixed with and flowing , the thick and extremely fine, minute entering; (地斑) recurs blade after blade, the clear (澄肌) of the school appears, and on the gold-inlaid Nabeshima the finely standing takes on a crepe-like complexion (縮緬肌状を呈し). Over this a faint rises, and on the small works the divides, "a toward the and a linear toward the " (棟寄りに乱れ映り・刃寄りに筋状の映り立ち), the so-called (段映り). The runs straight to a return, at times tending to a point or lightly brushed with . Of the niji- the judges write that the scenery of the and the tight, bright of the are " through and through" (いかにも青江らしく).

The signed and dated core of his work is anchored on the title. He often cut long signatures headed Uemon no jō with the Taira clan name; among the signed reference works the published sources name a in the Tokyo National Museum dated Gentoku 2 and a blade at Hie Shrine, both Important Cultural Properties. His small works are rare survivals, "surviving examples of Yoshitsugu's are exceedingly rare" (吉次の短刀の遺例は稀有であり), and the signed is likewise a form seldom seen in the school. A two-character cut on the of one slender is read as his earlier work, predating the long-signature pieces. At the far edge of the name stands a generation question: the Jūyō Bijutsuhin record matches the folded-signature of the Owari Tokugawa, a wide work in -, to the Yoshitsugu the places in around Jōwa (1345-50), and calls the smith of the Karyaku "presumably his predecessor" (先代であろう); Honma adds the caveat that "appraisals to individual names within will always invite both assent and dissent" (青江の個銘の極めは賛否があろう). The designation records meanwhile draw the line by manner, noting of his quiet that "they differ in feeling from the works of the school of the period" (南北朝期の同派の作とは趣きを異にしている).

A second register stands on . of deep curvature and ample carry his attribution. The Nabeshima bears a gold-inlaid attribution, not a signature, recording its shortening in Genna 5 (1619), and its workmanship is judged "the typical late- make of the school in both and " (地刃の出来は鎌倉末期の青江派の典型的のもの). The under a Kyōhō 9 (1724) of Kōchū, valued at 150 , is judged "an outstanding piece even among the Yoshitsugu attributions" (吉次極めの中でも傑出した出来映え), "a robust figure, heavy in the hand" (手持ちの重い頑健な刀姿). The are honest: of the descended in the Naitō family the judges write that at a glance it might also be appraised as Motoshige or the like, "and it is difficult to assert Yoshitsugu definitively" (吉次と断定することは困難である), while holding it a late- blade. Within the school his place is the quiet pole of the generation: where Naotsugu signs Sahyōe no jō, Yoshitsugu answers with Uemon no jō (右衛門尉) and the Taira name, and where the slanting of comes out in force elsewhere, his blades keep the calm bright line, the element only glimpsed.

He is rated Jō-jō by Fujishiro, and seventeen designated works stand on the official record: two and ten , twelve blades in those two tiers; three Jūyō Bijutsuhin; one Important Cultural Property, a signed blade preserved at Fujishima Jinja; and a signed blade, once of the Imperial Family and the Mōri family, now in the Kyoto National Museum. Eleven of the seventeen carry a , five are under , and the Nabeshima carries its attribution in gold inlay. The provenance runs through great houses: the gold-inlaid descended in the Ogi branch of the Nabeshima family, recorded in the Tsuchiya as "an ancestral sword worn at the first assault on Hara castle" (原城一番乗りのとき祖先の佩刀), the blade of the Shimabara rising; the Naitō of Murakami carries the family tradition " Yoshitsugu bestowed by the Taikō" (太閤拝領青江吉次), received from Hideyoshi at the Odawara campaign of 1590; the folded-signature descended in the Owari Tokugawa and remains with the Tokugawa Reimeikai; the Karyaku-dated Jūyō Bijutsuhin now belongs to the Sano Art Museum. The Important Cultural Property and the shrine and museum pieces are preserved as cultural patrimony and will not trade; a collector may realistically encounter the and tier, twelve blades among them the dated and and the quiet under , and one comes to the open market only rarely, a quiet masterpiece of the at its calmest when it does.

Kantei

one chu-Aoe suguha manner of the Karyaku and Gentoku years, carried in two registers, the signed and dated core (long-mei tachi and the rare tanto and kodachi) and the o-suriage mumei katana under (den) Aoe Yoshitsugu attribution, with a grand Nanbokucho edge that the Jubi records read as a second generation around Jowa

Yoshitsugu, active from the end of Kamakura into the opening of Nanbokucho, is named in record after record alongside Suketsugu, Yoritsugu and Naotsugu as one of the representative smiths of the Aoe school in that passage; his dated works carry Karyaku (1326-29) and Gentoku (1329-31), and the long mei is headed Uemon-no-jo Taira Yoshitsugu, the residence written now Bitchu-no-kuni Aoe-ju, now Bishu Manju-ju. His base is the chu-suguha of this generation at its calmest: the nioiguchi tight, bright and clear with ko-nie, ko-gunome, ko-choji and ko-midare mixing and only here and there a slanting tendency, over a well-knit ko-itame that stands finely, with thick fine ji-nie, jifu and sumihada patches, and a faint midare-utsuri, on small works forming the stepped dan-utsuri. Tanto are rare survivals, slender with inward curvature, hoso-suguha, the yakiba hardened down into the machi. The records expressly call suguha his forte.

Diagnostic discriminators

the suguha base is the school formula, but in Yoshitsugu it is the calm form: the slanting elements that mark the Aoe ha run on only 24% of his texts against 71% for Naotsugu and 52% for Tsugunao

41% of his works · 2.3× vs Naotsugu (Aoe)

53% of his works · 1.8× vs Tsugunao (Aoe)

mei register: he often cut long signatures, headed Uemon-no-jo with the Taira clan name, dated Karyaku and Gentoku; the residence is written now Bitchu-no-kuni Aoe-ju, now Bishu Manju-ju, a divergence the records expressly point out. Within the school it answers Naotsugu's Sahyoe-no-jo

Observation by phase

Prime manner: calm chu-suguha with tight bright nioiguchi, end of Kamakura into early Nanbokucho

Tachi run from a slender, deeply curved stance with koshizori to a fuller body; one niji-mei tachi signed on the haki-ura is read as predating the long-mei works. The o-suriage attributed katana keep deep curvature with rich flesh and a heavy, robust feel in the hand. Tanto and kodachi are rarities of the school: tanto slender with inward curvature, the kasane notably thick. The kitae is ko-itame, well knit, mixing mokume and nagare, standing finely in places, with ji-nie thick and fine, fine chikei, jifu and clear sumihada patches, the kinzogan katana showing a chirimen-like surface; a faint midare-utsuri rises, and on the small works the utsuri splits into bands toward mune and ha, the so-called dan-utsuri. The hamon is a chu-suguha, at times shallowly undulating, ko-gunome, ko-choji and ko-midare mixing, ko-ashi, saka-ashi and yo entering with a slanting tendency only here and there, the nioiguchi tight, bright and clear, with ko-nie, fine kinsuji and sunagashi, in places yubashiri and a nijuba tendency; on tanto a hoso-suguha with fine hotsure, the yakiba hardened down into the machi. The boshi is sugu with a ko-maru return, at times tending to point or lightly brushed with hakikake. Horimono are bo-hi, on tanto bonji, a three-pronged vajra hilted ken and gomabashi; one kodachi takes futasuji-hi with rounded ends.

Sugata 姿
Jigane 地鉄
Hamon 刃文
Bōshi 帽子
O-suriage mumei katana under (den) Aoe Yoshitsugu attribution— o-suriage mumei katana attributed (den) Aoe Yoshitsugu, one under a Kyoho 9 Hon'ami Kochu origami and one by kinzogan; wide-bodied with deep curvature and rich flesh, the chu-suguha with small mixes over a faint midare-utsuri
Signed and dated core (Karyaku and Gentoku)— the long mei headed Uemon-no-jo Taira Yoshitsugu with Karyaku and Gentoku dates, the residence written Bitchu-no-kuni Aoe-ju or Bishu Manju-ju; a niji-mei occurs on tanto and, on the haki-ura, on one early tachi

Grand Nanbokucho edge, read as a second generation around Jowa

less firmly established

At the edge of the name stand robust Nanbokucho works: a folded-signature katana that the Jubi record matches to the Meikan's Yoshitsugu of around Jowa (1345-50), wide in the body with the kissaki at chu, the ha a gunome-deki with lightly ko-nie laden ko-midare and sunagashi; and a mumei katana attributed to Yoshitsugu, wide with a large kissaki in the grand stance, suguha with ashi, the ji showing jifu. The Jubi text of the Karyaku tanto expressly calls that smith the predecessor of the folded-signature blade's maker, so this register is read as the successor generation; the label rests on that reading.

Sugata 姿
Jigane 地鉄
Hamon 刃文
Scholarship

The records' standing formula names him, with Suketsugu, Yoritsugu and Naotsugu, one of the representative smiths of the Aoe school from the end of Kamakura into the opening of Nanbokucho.

The older records call him the smith of the chu-Aoe, the middle Aoe of the Karyaku years, indeed a representative master of it.

He often cut long signatures, with Karyaku and Gentoku dates; among the signed reference works the records name the Gentoku 2-5 tachi in the Tokyo National Museum and the katana-mei blade of the Hie shrine, both Juyo Bunkazai, the one signed Aoe-ju, the other Manju-ju.

The Jubi records read the name in two generations: the smith of the Karyaku tanto, now in the Sano Museum, is called the predecessor of the folded-signature katana's maker, whom the Meikan places around Jowa; and Honma adds the caveat that individual-name attributions within Aoe will always invite debate.

His tanto are expressly called rare survivals, precious as documents of his range, and his kodachi a form seldom seen in the school; the niji-mei tachi signed on the haki-ura is read as predating the long-mei works.

The hardening of the yakiba down into the machi on his tanto is singled out: the records note the same treatment on his Karyaku-dated tanto and on the Gentoku 1 tanto of Sahyoe-no-jo Naotsugu, a shared habit of the generation.

Designations

Kokuhō—
Jūyō Bunkazai1
Jūyō Bijutsuhin3
Gyobutsu1
Tokubetsu Jūyō2
Jūyō Tōken10

Elite Standing

0.45 across 17 designated works

Top 6% among smiths

Provenance

8 documented provenances across certified works by Yoshitsugu

Provenance Standing

5 works held in elite collections across 8 documented provenances

Top 18% among smiths

Raw score: 2.13 / 10

Blade Forms

Distribution across 17 ranked works

Signatures

Signature types across 17 ranked works

Currently Available

Lineage

Yoshitsugu
Students (3)
  1. 1.Chikatsugu親次1designated
  2. 2.Moritsugu盛次1 for sale1designated
  3. 3.Yoshitsugu吉次

Aoe School

Other artisans of the Aoe school

  1. 1.Tsugunao次直27designated
  2. 2.Yasutsugu康次11designated
  3. 3.Naotsugu直次15designated
  4. 4.Tsunetsugu恒次13designated
  5. 5.Kanetsugu包次9designated
  6. 6.Suketsugu助次15designated
  7. 7.Moritsugu守次9designated
  8. 8.Masatsune正恒16designated
  9. 9.Tametsugu爲次6designated
  10. 10.Toshitsugu俊次6designated
  11. 11.Moritoshi守利9designated
  12. 12.Tsuguyoshi次吉16designated