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  3. Kunitomo

Horikawa Kunitomo

國儔

Tokujū
Vol. 9, No. 28 · Katana

Horikawa Kunitomo

國儔

27 ranked works

ProvinceYamashiroEraKeicho-Genna (1596–1624)PeriodEdoSchoolHorikawaTraditionShintoTeacherKunihiroFujishiroJo-jo sakuToko Taikan850(top 11%)TypeSwordsmithCodeKUN1350
1Jūyō Bijutsuhin
3Tokubetsu Jūyō23Jūyō Tōken

Overview

Echigo no Kami Fujiwara Kunitomo was born at Obi in and came up to the capital in the train of Kunihiro, settling at Ichijō in Kyoto, where he worked through the Keichō and 'ei years. The published record knows him as Kunihiro's pupil, by one tradition his nephew, and as the youngest of that circle, yet it is from his pupils rather than from documents that his standing is reconstructed. No work of his bears a date, and the sword books pass on little beyond his birthplace and residence. What the judges do affirm is his place in the descent of the school: because the early manner and signatures of Izumi no Kami Kunisada and Kawachi no Kami Kunisuke so closely resemble his own, the published sources conclude that "their direct instruction was clearly carried out by Kunitomo" (彼らの直接的な指導は、国儔が行ったことは明らかである). He is thus the hinge of the line, the man who taught the two smiths from whom the great Osaka tradition would descend.

His characteristic hand is the exception within his own school. Where most work takes the superior masters and Sadamune for its model, Kunitomo turns instead toward late . Over a notare base he sets round-headed , pointed and , and the tightens and sinks rather than opening bright, with that gathers at times coarse, running through, and long entering. The published sources name this their point of recognition for him: it is, they write, "the hallmark of Kunitomo to show, at a glance, workmanship reminiscent of late Seki, and of Kanenoshita above all" (一見末関、就中兼之などの出来口を思わせる作風を示すのが国儔の特色である). The follows the quiet logic, a shallow turning with and a deep return.

The comes in two modes, and the judges are careful to distinguish them. One is the standing, dry the whole school shares, mixed with and flowing grain, coarse in the manner, with and ; the other is a tightly consolidated , clean and beautiful even by standards. The sinking is the constant across both, so much so that when one departs from it the change is worth remark, the published commentary singling out a blade in which, against the subdued temper usual to his work, "the brightness of the is especially noteworthy" (匂口が明るい点が特筆される). His carry the coloration more strongly still, often in or shapes with su- and carved into the base.

Within this one hand the published sources read two registers. The prime is the late-Seki manner just described, and it reaches its clearest statement in a that copies, down to its compact one-handed tang and , the shape of the late , from which the judges venture that "it may well be imagined that Kunitomo's ideal lay in Kaneshiba" (国儔の理想が兼芝にあったであろうことが大いに想像される). Beside it stands a calmer register in a wide over the tighter , gentle and dignified, that approaches his teacher; one of this kind the commentary calls a masterpiece among his works, sound in both and . His signature is itself a point. He invariably cuts the seven characters and, as the sources note, "signs them without fail in seven characters, and no dated work is seen" (必ず七字に切り、年紀作を見ない), the chisel slightly distorted and growing larger as it descends.

What sets Kunitomo apart from his fellow smiths is therefore not refinement of the copy but the strain he carried alone, and the precision of his chisel. Among the whole group, the published sources observe, "his is the finest chisel" (一派の中では最も鏨細である), and where his fellow for Kunihiro, Ōsumi no Kami Masahiro, often cut a long tang, Kunitomo by contrast left works in which "the tang length is somewhat compact" (茎の長さがややつまったものがある). The contrast is a working connoisseur's tell. His calm wide- pieces are held apart from the school by the cleanliness of the ; his sinking, -tinged ones, by the round-headed and tight that no copy would show.

For the collector Kunitomo is a substantial but rarely traded name. Fujishiro grades him Jō-jō . He has no National Treasures and no Important Cultural Properties; his record runs instead through the modern designation tiers, three at and some twenty-three at , together with a prewar Jūyō Bijutsuhin once owned by Kishimoto Kannosuke of Kyoto. His blades are held in long-private hands, among them the Ikeda house, from whom one descends. Signed works by him are not plentiful, and a designated example reaches the market only seldom, the more so because his finest pieces are held rather than traded. When one does appear it is a document of the school at its hinge, the work of the quiet teacher who stood between Kunihiro and the founders of Osaka .

Kantei

one Horikawa hand read across two registers and two jigane modes: his prime, the sinking, late-Seki manner (zanguri itame, round-headed gunome with togariba and ko-notare, tight shizumi nioiguchi, ko-maru bōshi with hakikake), set against a calm wide-suguha register over a tightly packed ko-itame that approaches his teacher Kunihiro, with his consistent fine-chisel seven-character signature the constant across both

Echigo-no-kami Fujiwara Kunitomo is one of the representative smiths of the school, a Keichō- Kyoto maker born at Obi in who followed Kunihiro to the capital and settled at Ichijō . The sword books record him as Kunihiro's pupil, by one tradition his nephew, and the youngest of his circle; because the early manner and signature of Izumi-no-kami Kunisada and Kawachi-no-kami Kunisuke so closely resemble his own, the published sources hold that Kunitomo was in effect the man who trained them. No dated work by him survives, and he always cuts the seven-character signature with a fine chisel. Where the rest of the group looked to the masters and Sadamune, Kunitomo's own hallmark is a late-Seki flavor: over a board-grain , at times standing and dry in a texture, at times a tightly packed , with and , he tempers a notare-based line into which round-headed , pointed and are mixed, the tight yet sinking, with and , the a shallow turning with and a deep return. The published sources read this sinking, -tinged manner, especially the work of Kaneshiba, as his individuality, and a faithfully copying a late- shape lets them propose that his ideal lay in Kaneshiba. Beside it stands a calmer register in a wide close to his teacher Kunihiro.

Diagnostic discriminators

unique vs the Horikawa norm (Shizu / Sadamune Sōshū copy)

unique vs his fellow daisaku Ōsumi Masahiro (longer tang)

Observation by phase

The late-Seki manner (his individual hallmark)

The published sources draw his individuality not from the copies that fill the group but from a late-Seki flavor. Over a board-grain , often mixed with and flowing grain, the surface standing and dry in a texture, with and , he tempers a notare-based line that mixes , round-headed and pointed , the inclining toward tightness yet sinking, with that gathers at times coarse, running and long entering, and appearing in places. The is a shallow turning , with and a deep, sometimes long return. The judges call this sinking, -tinged hand, at a glance reminiscent of late Seki and especially of the smiths, his characteristic work. One , somewhat with and a tang made short in the one-handed manner, faithfully reproduces a late- shape, leading them to infer that his ideal lay in Kaneshiba. He carves devotional , and grooves. On the the hand tends to a strong coloration, the tang compact in proportion to the blade.

Sugata 姿
Jigane 地鉄
Hamon 刃文
Bōshi 帽子

The calm wide-suguha register (toward his teacher Kunihiro)

Against the sinking -tinged work the published sources set a calmer register that approaches his teacher. Here the is the tightly packed mode, with well adhering and , clean and beautiful even for a work; over it he tempers a wide -based line, gently undulating in shallow with mixed in, and entering, the deep and clear with coarse-grained , the straight to a small . The two of his first session and a of the ninth session are this hand, the latter named the finest among them. The masterpiece among his work, the published sources say, shows within a gently -toned, shallowly undulating manner the calmest found in his oeuvre, frequently intermingled, the deep and the blade well covered in , the forging a well-consolidated fine . It is the hand worked quietly, and it is here that he stands closest to Kunihiro.

Sugata 姿
Jigane 地鉄
Hamon 刃文
Bōshi 帽子
Scholarship

The published sources frame Kunitomo as the documentary blank of the Horikawa group: the Kaji Bikō and Shintō Shōkan Yoroku give little beyond his birth at Obi, his residence at Ichijō Horikawa, his being Kunihiro's nephew, and his activity between Keichō and Kan'ei, no dated work survives, and there is scant material to verify particulars. They reconstruct his importance instead from his pupils, holding that because the early styles and signatures of Kunisada I and Kunisuke I so closely resemble his, it was Kunitomo who directly instructed them.

On his style the published sources are emphatic that he is the exception within Horikawa: while most of the group modeled itself on the superior Sōshū masters Shizu and Sadamune, Kunitomo alone shows at a glance a late-Seki flavor, especially that of Kaneshiba. A Tokubetsu-Jūyō katana that faithfully reproduces a one-handed late-Muromachi uchigatana shape, with a tang shortened in proportion to the blade, lets them propose that his very ideal lay in Kaneshiba; his forging, they add, comes in two modes, the standing zanguri itame common to the school and a more tightly consolidated ko-itame.

Designations

Kokuhō—
Jūyō Bunkazai—
Jūyō Bijutsuhin1
Gyobutsu—
Tokubetsu Jūyō3
Jūyō Tōken23

Elite Standing

0.22 across 27 designated works

Top 11% among smiths

Provenance

2 documented provenances across certified works by Kunitomo

Provenance Standing

1 works held in elite collections across 2 documented provenances

Top 71% among smiths

Raw score: 1.89 / 10

Blade Forms

Distribution across 27 ranked works

Signatures

Signature types across 27 ranked works

Currently Available

Lineage

TeacherKunihiro
Kunitomo
Students (2)
  1. 1.Kunisada國貞4 for sale88designated
  2. 2.Kunisuke國助2 for sale50designated

Horikawa School

Other artisans of the Horikawa school

  1. 1.Kunihiro國廣6 for sale148designated
  2. 2.Kunimichi國路8 for sale74designated
  3. 3.Kunisada國貞4 for sale88designated
  4. 4.Masahiro正弘3 for sale14designated
  5. 5.Kuniyasu國安17designated
  6. 6.Kunisuke國助2 for sale50designated
  7. 7.Hiroyuki弘幸17designated
  8. 8.Kunikiyo國清2 for sale14designated
  9. 9.Kunikiyo國清7designated
  10. 10.Kuniyuki國幸1 for sale6designated
  11. 11.Kunimasa國正6designated
  12. 12.Yoshitake吉武2 for sale4designated