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Overview·Kantei·Designations·Provenance·Blade Forms·Signatures·Lineage·School
OverviewKanteiDesignationsProvenanceBlade FormsSignaturesLineageSchool
  1. Schools
  2. Horikawa
  3. Kunihiro

Horikawa Kunihiro

國廣

Tokujū
Vol. 6, No. 49 · Tantō

Horikawa Kunihiro

國廣

148 ranked works

ProvinceYamashiroEraTensho-Keicho (1573–1614)PeriodMomoyamaSchoolHorikawaTraditionShintoTeacherKunimasa (father, 國昌)FujishiroSai-jo saku(Supreme Work)Toko Taikan2,500(top 1%)TypeSwordsmithCodeKUN232
12Jūyō Bunkazai
12Jūyō Bijutsuhin
2Gyobutsu
9Tokubetsu Jūyō113Jūyō Tōken

Overview

A long dated Tensho 4 (1576), signed in , carries the oldest date of Kunihiro, whom the published sources acclaim, with Myoju, as a founder of the sword (明寿とともに新刀の創始者と称えられる). Tanaka Kunihiro served as a warrior under the family, lords of Obi castle in ; after that house fell he wandered the provinces, forging where he stopped, and from Keicho 4 (1599) he settled at Ichijo in Kyoto, trained many outstanding pupils, and is said to have died in Keicho 19 (1614). The registers make him a son of Sanetada or of Kunimasa. His designation texts open with one sentence repeated for half a century: his work divides broadly into two manners (彼の作風は概ね二様に大別され), the Tensho-uchi of the wandering years, looking to late and late Seki, and the Keicho-uchi after the settlement, modeled on the top masters. In technique, and equally in the pupils he raised, the texts call him the first man of the age (新刀期の第一人者).

His is the school's own: mixed with and , the grain standing, in the rough, loose surface the texts name outright the peculiar to work (ザングリとした堀川物特有の肌合); over it lies minute and thick, and enter finely. From above the a rises obliquely, on one noted as the that is his habit (手癖である水影). The carries a second tell: rough stands in uneven patches, the width varies, and of one the published commentary writes that the slightly uneven temper and the sinking are Kunihiro's habits of hand (匂口が沈みごころとなるなどの態は、国広の手くせである). He hardens the past the and widens the temper at the . Nearly everything is signed, the Keicho work above all with the large two-character beside the long residence signatures. He sets the low, so that on a two-hole tang the plugged lower hole is the original (国広のくせとして茎の孔が下).

The Keicho-uchi rests on a stated ideal: his goal, the sources write, lay in the revival of the tradition (その理想としたところは、相州伝の復活にあった), and the leaning is strongest toward (特に志津に対してその傾向が強い). The of these years are wide, with little taper, shallow in , the extended or grown to , a build the texts liken to a great cut down to a (恰も南北朝期の大太刀を大磨上げにした刀姿); one blade is read as a direct transcription of an , down to the half-worn look of its copied carvings. Over the he tempers a shallow mixed with and pointed teeth, thick in , with , and ; the runs or shallowly undulating into or , lightly swept. Beside the stand the wide, with , the form, where the copying reaches past : one piece is judged in temper and carvings to recall Sadamune, and the manner of is taken in so actively that the texts call one piece to the life (左文字宛ら).

The Tensho-uchi is another smith at first sight: and small with strong -zori, tempered in a mixing and angular teeth, and running to a -like effect, the brighter than in his later work, and warrior deities, Daikokuten and Bishamonten, carved in a strong chisel. The sources read these blades as late and late Seki at a glance, and his itinerary is written into the themselves: the Furuya signatures of , a signed as made in his days as a yamabushi (山伏時作), a blade forged at the Ashikaga school in Tensho 18 (1590), a Gifu collaboration with the senior smith Daido, and work cut in Kyoto in Tensho 19 (1591). In carving he is paired with Myoju, in force, the sources allow, even his superior; Honma takes the for the smith's own hand from the one manner running through every period. At the opposite pole stands a small, quiet class: is rare in him (国広には稀れに直刃があり), and these and small , their finer than his norm, their tighter and brighter, are read as aimed at Kunimitsu, Yukimitsu or Kunimitsu. The texts pass one judgment on all this copying: he chews the model thoroughly and creates without artifice (その対象物をよく咀嚼し、技巧を弄せず創作する), so that even there the surface, the and the uneven give his hand away.

What he founded outlived him in the men he trained. From the school came Dewa no Daijo Kunimichi, Kuniyasu, Osumi no Jo Masahiro, Echigo no Kami Kunitomo and the elder Kunisada, the record tracing his manner onward in Kunimichi's small-patterned and Oya-Kunisada's carving. The last years belong partly to that workshop: among his dated works those of Keicho 15 (1610) are the most numerous, the sources note, a year falling by the traditional reckoning near his eighty-ninth; of this period one text concludes there is no way to take it but as almost entirely the disciples' and (殆んど弟子達の代作であり、代銘と考えるより以外はない). The texts set this sharply apart from forgery: supervision was strict, and the blades of these years show no falling-off.

Fujishiro rates him Sai-jo . Of one hundred forty-eight designated works on record, one hundred forty-seven are signed and none unsigned; the single blade counted otherwise bears his large two-character beside the gold-inlaid cutting test of Yamano Kaemon Nagahisa, dated 6 (1666), rare on his work. Twelve blades are Important Cultural Properties, patrimony outside the market, and twelve more are prewar Bijutsuhin; nine are and one hundred thirteen , one hundred twenty-two blades in those two tiers. The he dedicated to the Hataeda Hachimangu in Keicho 2 (1597), with an transmitted as the donation of Emperor Go-Mizunoo, remains in the shrine's keeping. The provenance runs through the houses of his own story and of the country: blades handed down in the he had served; the sidearm of Iki Nagato no Kami Tadasumi, chief retainer of the Okayama Ikeda; pieces of the Tosa Yamauchi and of the great Shimazu house, one old scabbard inscribed for the use of lord Mitsuhisa (光久公御用); transmissions reaching Toyotomi Hideyori and the Imperial Family; order pieces for Nagaoka Okimoto of the Hosokawa and the connoisseur Sawada Doen. What a private collector may realistically encounter is the and tier, and even there a Kunihiro is held closely, coming to market only from time to time; when one appears, it carries on its the signed hand of the smith with whom the new sword begins.

Kantei

the NBTHK's own two-manner model, stated verbatim in most texts: the Tensho-uchi (1576 to 1591, Hyuga Furuya and the wandering years) in Sue-Soshu and Sue-Seki style, then the Keicho Horikawa-uchi (1599 to 1614) copying the top Soshu masters, with a small quiet suguha pole copying Yamashiro work; the last years largely daisaku and daimei by the students

Tanaka Kunihiro, the Shinano no Kami, was a samurai of the house of Obi who turned smith after his lord's fall, wandered the provinces through the Tensho years, settled at Ichijo in Kyoto from Keicho 4 (1599), and died in Keicho 19 (1614). With Myoju he is acclaimed a founder of the sword, and as head of the school he trained Kunimichi, Kuniyasu, Oya-Kunisada and the rest of its brilliant roster. The divides his work into two manners: the Tensho-uchi of the wandering years, a Sue- and style, and the Keicho -uchi, a revival of the great masters, above all . His tells are the loose -, the rising from the , a subdued and uneven , and the fact that virtually everything is signed.

Diagnostic discriminators

unique vs the Soshu masters he copied (Masamune, Sadamune, Norishige, Hiromitsu, Akihiro, Shintogo)

26% of his works

31% of his works · 9.3× vs Masamune

mei reality: 144 of his gold records are signed; the texts note the large two-character mei (67 of 145, many cut with the kata-ochi drop of the second stroke) against 40 long signatures, and his habit of placing the mekugi-ana low on the nakago

Observation by phase

Tensho-uchi, the wandering years (1576 to 1591)

the long signatures of the period, 日州古屋住国広作 and its variants, with Tensho dates from Tensho 4 (1576, his oldest extant date) to Tensho 19; the itinerary is written into the mei: the yamabushi piece, the Ashikaga school work of Tensho 18, the Gifu collaboration with Mino Daido, the in-Kyoto pieces of Tensho 19

The early group, in the late- idiom: and small with strong -zori, and long katate-uchi . The is , standing and already loose, with ; the temper is a mixing , and angular teeth, with and running to a -like effect, throughout, the notably brighter than in his later work. The reads it as Sue- and at first sight, with abundant warrior-deity , Daikokuten, Bishamonten, , carved in his own strong hand.

Sugata 姿
Jigane 地鉄
Hamon 刃文
Bōshi 帽子

Keicho Horikawa-uchi, the prime (1599 to 1614)

the Horikawa residence signatures, 洛陽一条堀川住藤原国広 and the Shinano no Kami forms, beside the large kata-ochi two-character mei; Keicho 15 is his most frequent date

The mature manner, the 's constant formula being that after settling he took the top masters as his model, with the strongest leaning toward , beside Sadamune and . The is the Keicho- build, wide with little taper, shallow and an extended or , just like an great , or the wide of . The is the school's hallmark, with and standing out in the loose -, thick and fine, dense, rising from above the . The temper is a shallow with , and , thick in with rough standing in uneven patches, and throughout, and at the edge, the often hardened down into the , the burn widening at the , and the characteristically subdued. The is or shallowly undulating into or with .

Sugata 姿
Jigane 地鉄
Hamon 刃文
Bōshi 帽子
The hira-zukuri wakizashi and tanto register— the wide sunnobi hira-zukuri wakizashi with mitsu-mune, the Momoyama form par excellence, where the Sadamune and Sa copies concentrate; the quiet tanto carry the suguha pole
The katana register, the o-suriage Nanbokucho look— the wide, shallow-curved katana with extended point that the NBTHK repeatedly likens to an o-suriage Nanbokucho great tachi, the model being the mumei o-suriage Shizu he set out to recreate

The quiet suguha pole, the Yamashiro copies

less firmly establishedmostly tanto and small hira-zukuri wakizashi of the Keicho years; the NBTHK states suguha is rare in him and reads these pieces as aimed at Shintogo Kunimitsu, Yukimitsu and Rai Kunimitsu, with a few suguha katana read as old Yamato work

A small contrasting class: or with a faint , the tighter and brighter than his usual work, on a the texts repeatedly note is finer and better knit than his norm, sometimes with a or effect. The reads the targets as the masters, and remarks that even in these copies the , the and the uneven give his hand away.

Jigane 地鉄
Hamon 刃文
Bōshi 帽子
Scholarship

The two-manner division is the NBTHK's own formula, repeated almost verbatim across the corpus: the work before the Horikawa settlement (Tensho-uchi) looks Sue-Soshu and Sue-Seki, the work after (Keicho-uchi, Horikawa-uchi) takes the top Soshu masters as its model.

The chronology is written in the dates: the oldest extant date is Tensho 4 (1576), the Tensho-uchi dates end in Tensho 19, the Furuya signatures of Tensho 14 drop the 之 and always add 作, and the final dates of Keicho 18 stand a year before his death.

He was a yamabushi in his wandering years: one Juyo katana is signed as made in that state, the texts read his frequent Buddhist dates (higan) and deity carvings from that faith, and the Shinano no Kami title appears already in Tensho, read as his samurai title rather than a smith's juryo.

The late daimei question: Keicho 15, his most frequent date, falls around his 89th year by the traditional reckoning, and the NBTHK reads the late dated work as the students' daisaku and daimei, distinguishing it sharply from forgery since the master inspected and signed what passed.

He is held the great carver of the age beside Myoju, in force even his superior; against the theory that the horimono are not his own, Homma points to the one consistent manner running through the Hyuga, Ashikaga, Mino and Horikawa periods. The Daikokuten is almost always turned slightly aside, and his Bishamonten carries the spear in the left hand where Yasutsugu's takes the right.

A nakago habit is recorded as a kantei point: he sets the mekugi-ana low, so that on pieces with two holes the lower one is original and the upper a later addition, the reverse of the usual reading.

Designations

Kokuhō—
Jūyō Bunkazai12
Jūyō Bijutsuhin12
Gyobutsu2
Tokubetsu Jūyō9
Jūyō Tōken113

Elite Standing

0.62 across 148 designated works

Top 4% among smiths

Provenance

32 documented provenances across certified works by Kunihiro

Provenance Standing

6 works held in elite collections across 32 documented provenances

Top 13% among smiths

Raw score: 2.35 / 10

Blade Forms

Distribution across 148 ranked works

Signatures

Signature types across 148 ranked works

Currently Available

Lineage

Kunihiro
Students (16)
  1. 1.Kunimichi國路8 for sale74designated
  2. 2.Kunisada國貞4 for sale88designated
  3. 3.Kunitomo國儔1 for sale27designated
  4. 4.Masahiro正弘3 for sale14designated
  5. 5.Kunisuke國助2 for sale50designated
  6. 6.Kuniyasu國安17designated
  7. 7.Hiroyuki弘幸17designated
  8. 8.Kunikiyo國清2 for sale14designated
  9. 9.Kuniyuki國幸1 for sale6designated
  10. 10.Kunikiyo國清7designated
  11. 11.Kunimasa國正6designated
  12. 12.Hirozane廣實3designated
  13. 13.Ariyoshi在吉6designated
  14. 14.Kunimori國盛1 for sale1designated
  15. 15.Kuninori國儀
  16. 16.Narihiro成廣

Horikawa School

Other artisans of the Horikawa school

  1. 1.Kunimichi國路8 for sale74designated
  2. 2.Kunisada國貞4 for sale88designated
  3. 3.Kunitomo國儔1 for sale27designated
  4. 4.Masahiro正弘3 for sale14designated
  5. 5.Kunisuke國助2 for sale50designated
  6. 6.Kuniyasu國安17designated
  7. 7.Hiroyuki弘幸17designated
  8. 8.Kunikiyo國清2 for sale14designated
  9. 9.Kunikiyo國清7designated
  10. 10.Kuniyuki國幸1 for sale6designated
  11. 11.Kunimasa國正6designated
  12. 12.Yoshitake吉武2 for sale4designated