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  3. Kunisada

Horikawa Kunisada

國貞

Tokujū
Vol. 6, No. 51 · Katana

Horikawa Kunisada

國貞

88 ranked works

ProvinceSettsuEraGenna-Keian (1615–1652)PeriodEdoSchoolHorikawaTraditionShintoGeneration1stTeacherKunihiroFujishiroJo-jo sakuToko Taikan800(top 14%)TypeSwordsmithCodeKUN940
3Jūyō Bijutsuhin
1Gyobutsu
3Tokubetsu Jūyō81Jūyō Tōken

Overview

Izumi no Kami Kunisada signed himself, on a sword dated the eighth month of Genna 7, "Sesshu Osaka-ju Fujiwara Kunisada," and that one inscription fixes both the man and the moment: a -trained smith already settled in Osaka, at the founding of what would become the city's own tradition of swordmaking. Collectors call him Oya Kunisada, "Kunisada the Elder," and the published sources are explicit that the name exists to separate him from his heir, written that he is so called "to distinguish him from his adopted son, Inoue Izumi no Kami Kunisada" (養子井上和泉守国貞), the man later known as Inoue Shinkai. He was born in , went up to Kyoto, and is said to have entered the school of Kunihiro; but Kunihiro died in Keicho 19 when Kunisada was only twenty-five, and the judges read his early style and signatures as in fact following his senior fellow-disciple, Echigo no Kami Kunitomo. He moved to Osaka with Kawachi no Kami Kunisuke, received the title Izumi no Kami in Genna 9, took the tonsure in old age under the name Dowa, and died in Keian 5 at the age of sixty-three, "one of the pioneers who opened the path for the Osaka smiths" (大坂鍛冶の開拓者の一人).

His recognized hand is a broad, imposing in the Keicho- taste, wide in body with little taper from base to tip, thick in , and carried out to an extended or . The forging is , frequently mixed with and tending to stand a little, , with thick and entering freely; where the grain opens, the published sources name it the loose, vigorous texture of the school, the steel of his teacher carried into Osaka. This is the his work is read on. Over that he tempers a base into which he sets , and , the line opening from a short straight in the manner, deep in with well adhered, and running through it, often with and drifting . The runs straight into a or enters in with , turning back rather long or deep. On his finest blades he adds carving: a relief -no- dragon set within the groove, with a and paired goma-bashi, work the judges call distinctive and superb and count among his tells.

The is the steady base beneath the temper. with thick and frequent appears across his oeuvre, sometimes standing into that rustic surface, sometimes drawing tight; the deep, bright and the along the edge are constants, and the activity is carried in and , in and , rather than in towering clove heads. Where one of the 27th session widens and turns vigorous, the published sources find it "rather than resembling Kunitomo, his de-facto teacher, closer to the calm, unforced character of Kunihiro himself," naming the -sagari and the frequent as the elder Kunisada's own marks. The at times deepens, at times falls subdued, and that deliberate variation in how the gathers is itself part of his manner.

Three registers run through the work. The first is this prime over the bold . The second is a -leaning manner that looks back through his masters: the published sources read one as a -style piece made in emulation of his teacher, the not conspicuous yet the whole vigorous, and call a an emulation of Sadamune, written "modelled on the manner of Sadamune, and well made" (相州貞宗の風を模して出来がよい). The third is a quiet, bright of his late years, of which the judges note "the first generation's work, though skillful" (親国貞の直刃出来は上手ながら), survives in very few examples, and that such a blade "at a glance appears closer rather to that of the second-generation Shinkai" (一見してむしろ二代真改の作に近い). To these late years belong his cursive sosho signatures of the Dowa period, which the sources connect to his old age, when his second generation, Inoue Shinkai, is said to have served often as proxy in both forging and signing; whether a given cursive blade is the elder's own work or Shinkai's , and whether such pieces should be read as a separate second-generation Shinkai Kunisada, remain matters the published record leaves open for further study.

What sets him apart is named in his own designation papers. Against the tightly packed of the old and Yamashiro lines, his standing and his opening from a straight are the Osaka- signature, not a ; against his own son Shinkai's brighter, more refined steel, the elder's hand reads as the rougher, more vigorous root from which the Osaka tradition grew. The judges place him with Kawachi no Kami Kunisuke at the head of that movement, his de-facto teacher Kunitomo behind him and his master Kunihiro behind that, and his heir Shinkai carrying the name forward into its most celebrated generation.

For the collector he is a major Osaka- name held within reach but never common. Fujishiro grades him Jo-jo . He has no National Treasures and no Important Cultural Properties; his record runs instead through the rank in number, with three and several prewar Bijutsuhin, eighty-four blades standing in the and tiers. The provenance that survives is distinguished: blades that passed through the Imperial Family, the Sanada house, and the family of his native , with one Bijutsuhin now held at the Sano Art Museum. The published sources reserve their highest words for his signed , calling one "a quintessential work of the first-generation Kunisada, especially deep and splendid in , an outstanding example among his works" (初代国貞の典型作で殊に匂口が深く華やかで同作中傑出の一口), and another, the -flavoured , simply "a blade after the elder Kunisada's own heart" (親国貞会心の一口). Most of these are held rather than traded, and only a handful of the and blades change hands in any decade; a signed Oya Kunisada in good condition comes to a private collector from time to time, with patience, and is a substantial acquisition when it does, a document of the founding of Osaka steel.

Kantei

one Osaka Shinto hand read across three registers: the prime, vigorous notare-gunome katana in the bold Horikawa zanguri ground; a Shizu and Soshu Sadamune echo that follows his master Kunihiro and his de-facto teacher Kunitomo; and a few late works in a quiet bright suguha that approach his son Shinkai, carrying his late cursive Dowa signatures and the proxy-mei question

Izumi no Kami Kunisada, known to collectors as Oya Kunisada, “the elder Kunisada,” to set him apart from his adopted son Inoue Shinkai, was a late disciple of Kunihiro born in and one of the founders of the Osaka tradition. The published sources record that when Kunihiro died in Keicho 19 he was only twenty-five, so his early style and signatures in fact follow his senior Echigo no Kami Kunitomo; he moved to Osaka with Kawachi no Kami Kunisuke, received the Izumi no Kami title in Genna 9, took the tonsure as Dowa in old age, and died in Keian 5 at sixty-three. His recognized hand is a broad, thick- Keicho- with an extended chu- to , forged in , often somewhat , with thick and in the loose manner; over it he sets a notare base mixed with , and , opening from a straight , deep in , well laid with , with , , and , the to with , and a relief -no- with and goma-bashi carved on his finest blades. A quieter manner survives in only a few late works, said to approach his son Shinkai, and his late cursive signatures are debated as proxy work by Shinkai.

Diagnostic discriminators

unique vs his plain-carved blades (bo-hi only)

unique vs tightly packed Bizen / Yamashiro ko-itame

Observation by phase

Prime: the vigorous notare-gunome Osaka Shinto katana

His recognized prime is the broad , wide in with little base-to-tip taper, thick in and extended in the , the imposing Keicho- shape. The ground is , often mixed with and tending to , the loose vigorous texture of the school, with thick and frequent . Over it the temper is a notare base mixed with , and , opening from a straight , the deep with well adhered, and running through, often with and -like . The runs to a or with , returning rather long or deep. On his best signed blades he carves a relief -no- within the groove with a and goma-bashi, the carving the published sources call distinctive and superb. The sources call the finest of these a representative masterwork, deep and splendid in , outstanding among his oeuvre.

Sugata 姿
Jigane 地鉄
Hamon 刃文
Bōshi 帽子

The Shizu and Soshu Sadamune echo (after Kunihiro and Kunitomo)

A second register departs from his usual look. Here the recedes and the temper turns toward a vigorous manner: the published sources call one a -style work in emulation of his master, the not conspicuous yet the whole vigorous, and another an emulation of Sadamune. The ground stands more, and deepen, the strengthens and at times spills into the with and . The of the 27th session is read in just this light: rather than resembling Kunitomo, his de-facto teacher, it shows a calm and unforced character closer to Kunihiro himself, with -sagari and frequent named as the elder Kunisada's own tells.

Jigane 地鉄
Hamon 刃文
Bōshi 帽子

Late suguha and the cursive Dowa signatures

His late register is a quiet bright and the cursive sosho signatures of his Dowa years. The published sources note that the first generation's work, though skillful, survives in very few examples, and at a glance approaches the work of the second generation, Shinkai: a tightly forged , that is clear, a base faintly waving toward , the bright, entering, the turning in . From the Shoho era his works carry cursive five-character signatures, which the sources connect to his old age, when he had taken the tonsure as Dowa and his second generation, Inoue Shinkai, is said to have served often as proxy in both forging and signing. The sources hold these cursive blades to be late work, sometimes called proxy- by Shinkai, and record that one account would make such pieces a separate second-generation Shinkai Kunisada, while reserving judgment; the identity of the proxy-inscriber, they add, remains a subject for further study.

Jigane 地鉄
Hamon 刃文
Bōshi 帽子
Scholarship

The published sources record that Kunisada is commonly called Oya Kunisada, the elder, to distinguish him from his adopted son Inoue Izumi no Kami Kunisada, later Inoue Shinkai; that although he is said to have entered Horikawa Kunihiro's school, his early style and signatures show his real teacher to have been the senior Echigo no Kami Kunitomo; and that he took the tonsure as Dowa and died in Keian 5 at sixty-three.

On his late cursive blades the published sources hold these to be work of his old age under the name Dowa, sometimes called proxy signatures by his second generation Inoue Shinkai, and record that one account would even make such pieces a separate second-generation Shinkai Kunisada, while reserving judgment; the identity of the proxy-inscriber, they add, remains a subject requiring further study.

Designations

Kokuhō—
Jūyō Bunkazai—
Jūyō Bijutsuhin3
Gyobutsu1
Tokubetsu Jūyō3
Jūyō Tōken81

Elite Standing

0.25 across 88 designated works

Top 9% among smiths

Provenance

6 documented provenances across certified works by Kunisada

Provenance Standing

1 works held in elite collections across 6 documented provenances

Top 69% among smiths

Raw score: 1.91 / 10

Blade Forms

Distribution across 88 ranked works

Signatures

Signature types across 88 ranked works

Currently Available

Lineage

TeacherKunihiro
Kunisada
Students (2)
  1. 1.Shinkai真改11 for sale79designated
  2. 2.Kunisuke國助2 for sale50designated

Horikawa School

Other artisans of the Horikawa school

  1. 1.Kunihiro國廣6 for sale148designated
  2. 2.Kunimichi國路8 for sale74designated
  3. 3.Kunitomo國儔1 for sale27designated
  4. 4.Masahiro正弘3 for sale14designated
  5. 5.Kuniyasu國安17designated
  6. 6.Kunisuke國助2 for sale50designated
  7. 7.Hiroyuki弘幸17designated
  8. 8.Kunikiyo國清2 for sale14designated
  9. 9.Kunikiyo國清7designated
  10. 10.Kuniyuki國幸1 for sale6designated
  11. 11.Kunimasa國正6designated
  12. 12.Yoshitake吉武2 for sale4designated