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About the maker

Nishigaki Kanshiro勘四郎

Nishigaki Kanshiro, also known as Yoshihiro, was born in Keicho 18 (1613) at Nakatsu in Buzen Province, the son of a Shinto priest. He became a disciple of Hirata Hikozo, received full transmission licensing (*soden menkyo*), and established himself independently. He subsequently entered the service of the Hosokawa family as a retained craftsman (*kakae-ko*), receiving a stipend of twenty persons' rations from Hosokawa Sansai Tadaoki. In the twelfth month of Kan'ei 9 (1632), he accompanied his lord upon transfer of fief and relocated to Yatsushiro in Higo Province, later moving again to the artisans' quarter in Kumamoto. Together with the Hayashi, Hirata, and Shimizu families, he formed the mainstream of the Higo group of metalsmiths and founded the Nishigaki school, counted among the four great lineages of Higo metalworkers. Hayashi Matashichi was of the same generation, born in the same year; because their materials and manner of workmanship share certain similarities, the two have often been contrasted in terms of artistic character: Matashichi is said to possess the dignified bearing of a *kunshi*, whereas Kanshiro is characterized as having the elegant refinement of a *koshi*. Both absorbed the cultivation of Hosokawa Sansai and gave expression upon the tsuba to a poetic resonance (*fuin*) informed by the aesthetics of tea. The second-generation Kanshiro, the eldest son of the founder, bore the common name Mosaku and also used the names Yoshito and Eikyu; he was born in Kan'ei 16 (1639) and died in Kyoho 2 (1717) at the age of seventy-nine. The first Kanshiro died in the sixth month of Genroku 6 (1693) at the age of eighty-one. The first-generation Kanshiro excelled particularly in iron *ji-sukashi* (ground openwork) plates, working favored motifs including the *tokiri* or *nagekiri* (throwing paulownia), *edagiri* (branching paulownia), aged pine (*oimatsu*), and chrysanthemum designs. The *tokiri* design takes a cursive-style paulownia blossom crest and abstracts it into openwork; because of its appearance it is also called *odori-kiri* (dancing paulownia) or *nimai-kiri* (two-sheet paulownia). His iron plates characteristically display a gentle, pliant quality with a distinctive "taste" (*aji*), and his patination frequently shows the so-called *yokan-iro* — a deep, lustrous reddish-brown reminiscent of sweet bean jelly. Many of his works adopt the *shodeigata* profile with a subtly flared lower portion (*shita-bari*), and his outlines often incorporate a deliberate, slight distortion that creates an uneven, varied movement across the design. The distribution of thickness (*nikuoki*) is thoughtfully devised, and his *kebori* (hairline engraving) is characteristically fine and animated, applied with attentive density yet never pressing or forced. A compositional hallmark is the "positive-and-negative" (*in'yo*) structuring of openwork, as seen in chrysanthemum tsuba where the flower form serves simultaneously as silhouette and ground design. Distinguishing features from works of the Hayashi school include gentler carving contours, more animated *kebori* leaf-vein lines, and a distinctive treatment whereby the inner edge of the rim takes on a chrysanthemum-flower-like character. While the first generation worked primarily in iron, examples in copper (*sudo*) and brass (*shinchu*) also exist, following the precedent of his teacher Hirata Hikozo. The second-generation Kanshiro, by contrast, demonstrates his true strengths in works that make sophisticated use of inlay on brass or *suaka* grounds. The Nishigaki school occupies a position of singular importance within the Higo metalworking tradition. Works of such high tone and strong individuality captivated viewers, and the designs of Kanshiro's tsuba were copied in great numbers by makers of Akasaka tsuba and by Tosa Myochin; however, it is with Kanshiro that this manner is regarded as having its beginning. His mature works embody the quiet austerity (*sabimi*) and refined elegance (*gashu*) associated with the Hosokawa tradition of tea, expressing a richness communicated in a restrained and dignified way. The influence of Hosokawa Sansai — celebrated both as a tea devotee and as one of the "Seven Sages of Rikyu" — is manifest throughout Kanshiro's oeuvre in the poetic sensibility that pervades each composition. Whether in the unrestrained freedom of his paulownia openwork, the suggestive resonance of open spaces, or the sophisticated interplay of form and negative space, Kanshiro's art conveys precisely the cultivated elegance of the lofty recluse with which his name has long been associated.

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