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Overview·Kantei·Designations·Provenance·Blade Forms·Signatures·School
OverviewKanteiDesignationsProvenanceBlade FormsSignaturesSchool
  1. Schools
  2. Enju
  3. Kunitoki

Enju Kunitoki

國時

Tokujū
Vol. 1, No. 17 · Tachi

Enju Kunitoki

國時

32 ranked works

ProvinceHigoEraBunpo (1317–1319)PeriodKamakuraSchoolEnjuTraditionYamashiro-denGeneration2ndToko Taikan500(top 26%)TypeSwordsmithCodeKUN1294
1Jūyō Bunkazai
1Jūyō Bijutsuhin
6Tokubetsu Jūyō24Jūyō Tōken

Overview

Kunitoki is the representative master of the school of , the line that carried the Yamashiro manner south into Kyushu. The published sources trace the school to Tarō Kunimura, transmitted as an "outside grandson" of Kuniyuki of Yamashiro through a daughter, and they place Kunitoki among the best-known smiths of the group, variously recorded as the son or the pupil of the founder. His working life runs from the close of the period into at Kumafu in the Kikuchi District; dated survivals carry the Southern-Court eras, one signed Shōhei 7 (1352), placing his late hand in the middle of the fourteenth century. The school is judged to show little individual variation and to resemble broadly, so that the manner reads almost as one hand. Within that uniformity Kunitoki stands out for two reasons. The published record judges that "relatively many of his works survive, and the average quality of his workmanship is high" (比較的現存するものが多く、作柄の平均点も高い), and his hand worked the school's restrained busier than any other of the line.

His characteristic manner is a or that refuses to stay plain. Where the published sources record that "many works of the group temper a sparing in internal activity," Kunitoki breaks his straight temper with continuous , occasional and pointed teeth, and entering well, gathering along the edge, with fine and playing through. On his best blades the , which the school carries somewhat (subdued) against the brighter , turns bright and clear. The school's own nature pulls the other way, and it is precisely because of that restraint that a lively blade reads as exceptional: of one the published commentary writes that it shows "a -dominant tempering rare not only for Kunitoki but for works generally" (国時のみならず延寿物としても珍しい乱れ主調の焼刃), and of a with strong , and a that goes into with vigorous , that it presents "the most active not only of this smith but within the whole school" (同工のみならず同派の中でも最も働きのある刃取り). That a single blade can be called both rare and the most active is the measure of how quiet the line normally runs, and of how far Kunitoki pushes against it.

The forging is the school's whole inheritance read clearly. Over an or tightly forged , generally flowing and gathering a -like tendency toward the edge, fine dust-like adheres well and fine enter, and the school's whitish stands in the . This whitish is the prime point the published sources name in separating from , and it sits on a that keeps the Kyoto refinement of the parent while taking on the flowing Kyushu steel. The most often runs straight and closes in a , frequently brushed with , and sometimes turns back round and shallow as a large in the school habit. The signature, when present, is a large two-character , and the published sources repeatedly single out one calligraphic tell: in the character (国), the right half within the enclosing strokes is cut in an "ear-shaped" manner (クニ構えの中右半分を耳形にきる), a writing habit shared by the whole line that cannot be confused with another school.

The surviving record falls into two registers. The first is signed and : long with a deep and , and broad , slightly with a thick , carrying the bold two-character near the tang-tip; the chisel on some is noted as broader and stronger than usual. The dated late blades of this register sign the longer Kikuchi-jū Kunitoki with Engen and Shōhei dates, and the published sources assign that long signature to the lower generations of the name. The second register is , attributed to Kunitoki and often fixed by a later appraisal: at first glance a ring-shaped wa-zori and a Kyoto air recall , but the in the , the and the subdued settle the attribution to , and the overall level of the work narrows it to Kunitoki. Several of these carry a Kōsson appraisal inscription in gold, the smith's name set in or kinpun with his .

Kunitoki's place is best read against his two neighbors. Against , the parent, the difference is fixed: the published sources record the -lean, the whitish and the subdued as the points by which parts from the Yamashiro line, and they note that the school is felt to be "somewhat weaker in and than ." Yet the kinship is close enough that one of his finest is judged to show "a level of workmanship comparable to Kunimitsu" (来国光に比肩する出来映え), the tells visible only on close reading. Against Kunimura, the founder, the difference is Kunitoki's own: his breaks into and far more freely than the founder's plainer straight temper, and his closes to a more often than the founder's larger . Because the line shows so little individual variation, Kunitoki is taken as its representative hand and its most frequently surviving one, and a plain can in turn be mistaken at a glance for . The smiths were attached to the Kikuchi clan, loyal to the Southern Court, and the dated blades carry that history in their Southern-Court eras.

Kunitoki's standing is matched by a substantial designated record: thirty blades stand in the and tiers, six of them , with one further work in the Important Cultural Property rank, and his work earns a high mark in the Tōkō Taikan. He is among the most heavily represented hands on the official record. The provenance recorded against his blades reaches into the high households of late : a held by the Mito Tokugawa family and one by the Kishu Tokugawa family, a now of Minatogawa Shrine, and a known as a relic of Seikan'in-no-Miya, the imperial princess Kazunomiya (静寛院宮の遺物), the figure of the late-Tokugawa marriage settlement, by way of the 'in-no-Miya house. One blade is locked in the Important Cultural Property tier and will never trade. Of the rest, the school's quiet and the relative abundance of Kunitoki's survival mean that his and blades come to the serious collector from time to time, more readily than the rarest masters but as designated heritage rather than ready stock; a fine signed or a broad signed of his is a landmark when it appears, and most of the recorded record is held, not traded.

Kantei

One coherent Enju manner in Kunitoki's own cast (a chu/hoso-suguha that breaks more freely into ko-gunome and ko-midare than the rest of the school, over the school's shirake-bearing nagare jigane), read in two registers: signed ubu tachi and tanto carrying his two-character mei, and mumei osuriage katana attributed to Enju Kunitoki on the jigane and confirmed by appraisal inscriptions. The 国時 name continued over several generations into the Muromachi period, and the NBTHK lumps that line under one code while dating individual blades; this corpus is overwhelmingly the Late-Kamakura hand the judges call the shodai, with a few Nanbokucho dated pieces (Shohei 7 = 1352; Engen-era) noted as his late work.

Kunitoki is the representative master of the school of , by tradition the son (some accounts a pupil or younger brother) of the founder Kunimura, his work running from the close of into at Kikuchi-gun Waifu. The published sources call him the school's most prolific surviving hand with a high average level. He keeps the manner whole, the -Yamashiro look carried south: a packed / flowing toward , thick dust-fine and fine , the school's whitish , hardened in a chu- or whose sinks a little against the brighter . What sets him apart within an otherwise uniform school is that his repeatedly breaks into and , the judges twice calling a -based blade rare for Kunitoki and one the most active the whole school produced. The closes to a , often with ; the signature is a large two-character whose 国 is cut with the right half of its enclosure shaped like an ear, a tell of the whole line.

Diagnostic discriminators

the prime Enju tell, carried over from the founder: a whitish shirake-utsuri stands in the ji where the Rai parent has essentially none (Rai Kunimitsu 0%, Rai Kunitoshi 1%); the published sources name it the first point separating Enju from Rai

Kunitoki's own tell within a uniform school: his suguha breaks into ko-gunome and ko-midare about three times as often as the founder (Kunimura 19%, ko-gunome 41% vs Kunimura 13%); the judges twice call a midare-based blade rare for him and once the most active hamon the school produced, where the rest of Enju keeps the suguha plain

the published sources fix it as the Enju difference from Rai: the nioiguchi runs somewhat subdued and the activity in the ha calm, where the Kyoto parent is brighter; the school is judged weaker in ji and ha than Rai. On Kunitoki's own best work, however, the nioiguchi is noted as turning bright and clear

Kunitoki closes sugu to a ko-maru (43%) more often than the founder's large o-maru (Kunimura ko-maru 38%, o-maru 19%), the tip frequently brushed with hakikake (41%); on his most active blade the boshi itself goes into midare with strong hakikake

the published sources repeatedly name this calligraphic habit a school tell that cannot be confused with another line; Kunitoki's signed survivals are the clearest exemplars of it

Observation by phase

Kunitoki's Enju manner: the school's shirake jigane, the suguha broken with ko-gunome

Over a packed or , generally flowing and gathering a -lean toward the , the carries dust-fine , fine and the school's whitish . On this ground Kunitoki tempers a chu- or , but where the rest of the line keeps it plain and a little lifeless he works it busier: , and pointed teeth enter, and run in, gathers, fine and play through, and the , which the school carries somewhat sunk against the brighter , on his best blades turns bright and clear. The closes to a , frequently with , and sometimes turns back round and shallow as a large in the school habit. The published sources twice mark a -based blade of his as rare for Kunitoki, and once call a the most active the whole school produced.

Jigane 地鉄
Hamon 刃文
Bōshi 帽子

Signed register: ubu tachi and tanto with the two-character mei

ubu (and slightly suriage) tachi, and ubu hira-zukuri tanto, carrying a large two-character 国時 mei set near the tang-tip; a few late blades are signed 菊池住国時 with an Engen or Shohei date, the long signature the published sources say marks the later generations

His signed survivals are , long with a deep and standing taper to a small , and , broad and a touch with a thick in the school habit. The is a large two-character signature, the chisel sometimes broader and stronger than usual. Several carry a , often with or a companion groove, and at the ; the take a or . On this register the most freely admits and , and the dated run a small-notare base with a frayed, bright .

Hamon 刃文
Bōshi 帽子

Mumei osuriage katana register (attributed on jigane, fixed by appraisal)

osuriage mumei katana attributed Enju Kunitoki: a wa-zori and Kyoto air recall Rai at first glance, but the nagare jigane, the shirake-utsuri and the somewhat sunk nioiguchi settle the attribution to Enju, narrowed to Kunitoki by the level of the work; several carry a Hon'ami Kosson kinzogan- or kinpun-mei naming him

A large part of the designated record is . The ring-shaped wa-zori and the Kyoto air recall , but the in the , the and the running a little sunk read as , and the overall level of the work narrows the attribution to Kunitoki. The here is fine, intermittently breaking into with faint , and , and entering fine, the to a or a round shallow . Several of these carry a Kosson appraisal inscription in gold.

Sugata 姿
Jigane 地鉄
Hamon 刃文
Scholarship

A midare-based hamon is repeatedly called rare for Kunitoki, the school normally keeping a plain suguha; such blades are noted as exceptional within his and the school's record.

His dated survivals carry the Southern-Court eras Engen and Shohei 7 (1352), taken as his late work, with the long Kikuchi-ju Kunitoki signature the published sources assign to the later generations of the name.

Designations

Kokuhō—
Jūyō Bunkazai1
Jūyō Bijutsuhin1
Gyobutsu—
Tokubetsu Jūyō6
Jūyō Tōken24

Elite Standing

0.39 across 32 designated works

Top 6% among smiths

Provenance

5 documented provenances across certified works by Kunitoki

Provenance Standing

3 works held in elite collections across 5 documented provenances

Top 21% among smiths

Raw score: 2.08 / 10

Blade Forms

Distribution across 32 ranked works

Signatures

Signature types across 32 ranked works

Currently Available

Enju School

Other artisans of the Enju school

  1. 1.Kunimura國村15designated
  2. 2.Kuniyasu國泰17designated
  3. 3.Kunisuke國資3 for sale22designated
  4. 4.Kunitoki國時7designated
  5. 5.Kuniyoshi國吉1 for sale22designated
  6. 6.Kuninobu國信7designated
  7. 7.Kunishige國重2designated
  8. 8.Koreyoshi是吉1designated
  9. 9.Kunimoto國元1designated
  10. 10.Kuniie國家1designated
  11. 11.Kunitsuna國綱2designated
  12. 12.Kunifusa國房2designated