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Overview·Kantei·Designations·Blade Forms·Signatures·Lineage·School
OverviewKanteiDesignationsBlade FormsSignaturesLineageSchool
  1. Schools
  2. Rai
  3. Kunihide

Rai Kunihide

國秀

Jūyō
Vol. 28, No. 14 · Katana

Rai Kunihide

國秀

7 ranked works

ProvinceYamashiroEraTeiwa (1345–1350)PeriodNanbokuchōSchoolRaiTraditionYamashiro-denTeacherKunitsuguToko Taikan600(top 21%)TypeSwordsmithCodeKUN128
7Jūyō Tōken

Overview

Of the works that survive under the name of Kunihide, almost all that carry a genuine signature are spears. The published sources count only two such signed and have seen no securely signed , so that the smith is known in the main through greatly shortened, unsigned later appraised to him. He stands among the rarest of the hands of Yamashiro, transmitted as the son or disciple of Kunitsugu, said to have taken the appellation Hikotaro (来彦太郎), and placed by the reference works around the Jowa era (貞和) of the period. The picture is complicated by a second smith of the name whom the assign to the close of around the Shitoku era (至徳), and by a -period Kunihide of the line; clarifying his manner and dividing the first generation from the second are named in the published record as questions for future study. He is, in short, a documented but lightly attested late- master, recognized more by the company he keeps than by his own surviving signatures.

His characteristic hand departs from the plain . Over the temper line he keeps a base, but breaks it: enter, with and, on the broader , and the occasional (尖り刃), the in places tightening into a complex small pattern. Long, thick reach into the , are mixed in, the runs deep and the attaches thick, sometimes coarsening to a rough -kobore, with and throughout and, along the of the largest blades, (打のけ) and small (湯走り). The stays bright and clear, and the runs straight into a , brushed with (掃きかけ) and turning back only slightly. It is a hand that holds the brightness and the steel while carrying more disturbance in the edge than the school's quiet straight temper, and that added is what most distinguishes his from an ordinary blade.

The is the inheritance kept intact. He forges an , on the finest blades a , that tends to flow and on occasion to stand a little (肌立ち), with mixed in; over it the adheres thickly in fine particles and the (地景) enter, fine and frequent. On the signed spears the leans further toward and and carries a (沸映り), a faint reflection standing in the steel. This is the Kyoto of the school carried into the wide, extended body, and on the unsigned it is precisely the combination of that refined, -laden with the bright, busier that the judges read as before narrowing the attribution to Kunihide. The work is sound in both and , and the published sources call the strongest of these blades a particularly superior example among those appraised to him.

His surviving record divides cleanly into two kinds of object. The first is the signed , (平三角) in section with a conspicuously long kerakubi in the manner, a broad groove cut on the flat, and a large three-character signature on the tang. On these the -leaning carries the , the breaks into with along the , and the is bright; the published sources stress that genuine signed work runs almost entirely to these spears and that, with so few extant, the signature itself is the prize, observing that a is in any case scarce, that 「南北朝期の槍はごく少ない」 and that works by this maker are themselves rare. The second kind is the greatly shortened unsigned , wide in the body with a carried long, sometimes an , the period plain in the shape; these make up the larger part of the designated record. The one signed stands apart from both: it bears a finely chiseled two-character signature, Kunihide, set toward the , which as the published sources note carries 「一般の来物のように「来」の字を冠していない」, and on the strength of its wide, extended form it is appraised to the Kunihide rather than to the homonym.

Within the school he is placed just below his master, and the distinction is drawn with unusual precision. A wide unsigned of his calls Kunitsugu to mind at first sight, the working range so close that the resemblance is the starting point of the appraisal; but on close examination it is judged that 「一見、来国次を想わせるものがあるが、総体に格調の点で聡かそれに譲るところがあり」, and on that small remove in dignity (格調) the blade settles to Kunihide of the lineage. His own affirmed traits carry the contrast: the base broken by (互の目) and (丁子), the bright , the and the -laden are what set his apart, not any single missing feature, and the traditional attribution is found convincing on those positive terms. Reading the other way, because his securely signed work is almost all and no certain signed survives, a plain straight temper can in turn be mistaken for his, which is why the wide and the added matter so much to the judgment.

For a collector the arithmetic is stark and is best stated plainly. The whole of his designated record on the official rolls amounts to seven blades, all at the level of , with none yet raised to the tier and none on the higher rolls of designated cultural property; he is rare rather than canonical, a connoisseur's name rather than a museum's. None of the seven carries a recorded line of provenance, so there is no roll to recite, and the genuine signed survivals, the two , are documentary anchors more than things likely to circulate. What a patient collector might realistically encounter is one of the shortened unsigned appraised to him, and even those come forward only rarely, a attribution of real interest when one does. The published sources, noting that 「在銘の現存するものが少なく」 and that the division of the generations remains unsettled, make the point themselves: this is a master glimpsed at the edge of the record, his hand surer than his biography, and an example bearing his name is among the quieter rewards of attention to the late Yamashiro tradition.

Kantei

One coherent Rai Kunihide manner, the Rai Yamashiro look in a Nanbokucho body, read in two registers: the signed yari (the genuine documentary core, hira-sankaku with a long kerakubi) and the osuriage mumei katana appraised to him on a resemblance to Rai Kunitsugu that stops just short of Kunitsugu's dignity. A single anomalous signed tachi, mei 'Kunihide' in two characters without the Rai prefix, is appraised to the Rai Kunihide as against the Awataguchi homonym.

Kunihide is a late name of Yamashiro, by tradition the son or disciple of Kunitsugu, who took the appellation Hikotaro and worked around the Jowa era of the period; the record a second generation around Shitoku at the close of . He is one of the rarest of the hands: genuine signed work is almost entirely (only two are known), no securely signed survive, and the larger part of his designated record is therefore appraised to him. His hand is the Yamashiro look carried into the broad, extended : a packed or with thick and , hardened in a -base broken by , and , the deep and the thick, with , and a bright , the a brushed with . The blade recalls Kunitsugu at a glance but yields a little in formal dignity, and that small remove is the very ground on which the judges separate Kunihide from his master.

Diagnostic discriminators

the appraisal logic itself: a wide osuriage mumei katana recalls the working range of Rai Kunitsugu, but on close examination the level of execution and the kakucho yield slightly, and on that remove it is appraised to Kunihide of the same lineage rather than to the master

71% of his works

57% of his works

the one signed tachi carries a finely chiseled two-character signature, Kunihide, set toward the mune, which unlike the usual Rai work does not prefix the character Rai; the form, wide with an extended kissaki, places it from the end of Kamakura into Nanbokucho and the judges appraise it to the Rai Kunihide against the Awataguchi homonym

Observation by phase

The Rai Kunihide hand: a Rai suguha-base broken by ko-gunome and choji

Over an or , often flowing toward and tending for the grain to stand, the carries thick fine-particle and in the manner. The temper is essentially a , but it is broken: , and enter, sometimes a , the in places tightening into a complex small pattern; and enter well, the is deep and the thick, with , , and on the broader and -like along the . The is bright and clear, and the runs into , brushed with and turning back only slightly. It is a hand that holds the and brightness while carrying more in the than the school's plain .

Sugata 姿
Jigane 地鉄
Hamon 刃文
Bōshi 帽子

Signed yari register (the genuine documentary core)

hira-sankaku yari with a long kerakubi, signed with a large three-character mei; almost the only securely signed survivals, the masame-leaning jigane carrying a nie-utsuri and the suguha breaking into ko-gunome

His securely signed survivals are spears in form, the kerakubi conspicuously long in the manner and carved on the with a broad futo-. On these the leans to and , the fine adhering well and a standing in the ; the temper is a or narrow with mixed in, the showing , adhering well and fine and , the bright, the a or tempered straight and . The published sources stress how few these are, only two signed known, and how rare a is at all, so that the signature itself is the prize the judges name.

Jigane 地鉄
Hamon 刃文

Mumei osuriage katana register (appraised on the resemblance to Kunitsugu)

osuriage mumei katana, wide in mihaba with an extended chu- or o-kissaki, appraised Rai Kunihide because the itame with ji-nie and the busy suguha-base midare recall Rai Kunitsugu, yet yield to him slightly in execution and dignity (kakucho)

The greater part of the designated record is , wide in the body with a standard or slightly broad and a carried with an extended tendency, sometimes an , the period character of plain in the shape. Over an , often standing and flowing, with thick and , the -base is mixed with , , and , the in places intricate, long and thick, the deep, the thick and at points rough, with , , and small , the bright. At first glance such a blade calls up the working range of Kunitsugu; on close examination the level of execution and the kakucho yield a little to Kunitsugu, and on that small remove the blade is appraised to Kunihide of the lineage. The judges find the traditional attribution convincing, and of the blades appraised to him the finest are called especially superior.

Sugata 姿
Jigane 地鉄
Hamon 刃文
Bōshi 帽子
Scholarship

The meikan distinguish two smiths reading Kunihide, one of the Awataguchi line of Kamakura and one of the Rai line of Nanbokucho; the wide, extended sugata and the Rai jigane settle the signed tachi on the Rai Kunihide.

Because extant signed works are few, the smith's stylistic characteristics and the division between the first and second generations are named in the published sources as subjects for future research.

Designations

Kokuhō—
Jūyō Bunkazai—
Jūyō Bijutsuhin—
Gyobutsu—
Tokubetsu Jūyō—
Jūyō Tōken7

Elite Standing

0.05 across 7 designated works

Top 22% among smiths

Blade Forms

Distribution across 7 ranked works

Signatures

Signature types across 7 ranked works

Currently Available

Lineage

TeacherKunitsugu
Kunihide

Rai School

Other artisans of the Rai school

  1. 1.Kuniyuki國行1 for sale125designated
  2. 2.Kunitoshi國俊84designated
  3. 3.Kunitoshi國俊5 for sale208designated
  4. 4.Kunimitsu國光4 for sale269designated
  5. 5.Kunitsugu國次2 for sale65designated
  6. 6.Mitsukane光包15designated
  7. 7.Kunizane國眞1 for sale26designated
  8. 8.Tomokuni倫國5designated
  9. 9.Kunisue國末1designated
  10. 10.Mitsushige光重2designated
  11. 11.Kunitake國武1designated
  12. 12.Kunimune國宗1designated