Tsunahiro (綱広) is the smith who closes the tradition. His earliest dated work falls in the Tenbun era (1532 to 1555), and the published sources take that as the foremost representative of the Sōshū smiths of the Muromachi period, the one who, in their words, "most faithfully preserved the Sōshū-den style and was most active during the Tenbun era"1. He is transmitted as a descendant of Hiromasa who first signed Masahiro and, summoned by Hōjō Ujitsuna to Odawara, received the character tsuna and changed his name accordingly. The name then became a lineage-name carried into the Edo period, the second generation placed in Tenshō, the third in Keichō, so that "Tsunahiro" denotes a workshop sustained for generations under the Later Hōjō at Odawara rather than a single hand. He is signed and ubu almost throughout, the five-character Sōshū-jū Tsunahiro mei cut low on the omote toward the mune, the dated 1548 tachi and the Tenbun 22 (1553) wakizashi anchoring the shodai to whom the later generations are referred.
His characteristic hand is the late-Sōshūmidareba built toward full temper. Over the ji he tempers a gunome-midare into which chōji, the yahazu arrow-notch tooth, togariba and ko-notare are mixed, the ha widening as it rises toward the tip; nie attaches well with sunagashi, and tobiyaki and muneyaki are then carried across the ji until the whole becomes hitatsura. The yahazu tooth, set into the gunome and rising with it, is the structural tell the judges keep returning to when they call a blade typical of him. The full-temper hitatsura is the manner the published sources name his forte, descending, they say, from Hiromitsu and Akihiro, "a skilled maker in the line following Hiromitsu and Akihiro, whose work contains much that is noteworthy in the hitatsura style said to have been established by them"2. On one wakizashi the hitatsura shows crescent-shaped tobiyaki, which the judges name a distinctive feature of his hand3.
The jigane behind this is read together with the temper, for the full temper depends on it. He forges an itame mixed with mokume and nagare-hada that stands and runs, the grain open rather than tight, with ji-nie well attached and chikei entering, and against this open steel the tobiyaki and muneyaki gather into hitatsura. The standing grain is named on half his work and the flowing grain on a third, so the late-Sōshūji is itself part of the recognition, not merely a backdrop. The bōshi runs in midare-komi to a ko-maru or pointed return, often hakikake, with a long kaeri sometimes tempered down. The carving is a further marked tell, true and grass kurikara, bonji set on a lotus pedestal, and incised invocations such as Hachiman Daibosatsu and Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō, which the judges repeatedly call distinctive of late-Sōshū work.
Against this flamboyant rule stands a documented exception. The dated 1548 tachi leaves the hitatsura range altogether for a chū-suguha-chō broken by ko-gunome with ashi, the nioiguchi tight with ko-nie, and the published sources call it an unusual work for him while noting that examples of the kind are occasionally met among his tantō and wakizashi. The generations are the other axis along which his work is read. The judges set out the accepted scheme, the first in Tenbun, the second in Tenshō, the third in Keichō, the fourth in Kan'ei and the fifth around Manji, and then appraise several undated blades by their overall bearing rather than by a date. A wide, sun-nobiwakizashi with strongly developed sakizori is placed around Genki to Tenshō, and several shinogi-zukurikatana are judged no earlier than the third generation, the judges leaving a closer determination to future study4. The hand is continuous across these generations, the sameyahazugunome-midare over a standing itame-mokumeji, so that the later work is recognised as Tsunahiro by the inherited range rather than by any changed manner.
What sets him apart is read off his own grounded traits rather than by borrowing a comparison. The published sources do compare him to the Nanbokuchō masters whose hitatsura he inherits, and the comparison cuts both ways: he is placed in the line of Hiromitsu and Akihiro, yet of his Important Art Object tantō the judges note that the shape of its hamon "differs from those associated with Hiromitsu and Akihiro"5, distinguishing his hand from the very smiths he descends from. His own tell is the yahazu tooth woven into a gunome-midare that widens to the tip and is overrun into hitatsura, over a standing, chikei-laced itame. Standing at the end of the Sōshū line, he is the smith who, as the judges put it, adorns that tradition's final flourishing, his Tenbun shodai the documented origin against which the later workshop is dated. The published sources name him within the Sue-Sōshū group as one who "is well known and highly skilled"6, his output large and many works surviving.
Tsunahiro is Jō saku in Fujishiro's grading, with a Tōkō Taikan valuation of four hundred man. The weight of designation behind his name is broad rather than rarefied: his standing rests on ten Jūyō blades together with an Important Art Object tantō and an early postwar Special-Preservation-tier wakizashi, the higher tiers above Jūyō not represented among his work. Among those ten the judges single out his hitatsura pieces as representative, one a work in which "Tsunahiro's forte is fully displayed"7, another a representative Sōshū blade of the Muromachi period. The provenance recorded against his blades is distinguished and real: the wakizashi dated Tenbun 22 bears the ownership inscription of Sakurai Daigaku, a senior retainer of the Later Hōjō house, and afterward passed to Ōkubo Ichiō, the Meiji connoisseur who became the first mayor of Tokyo; the 1548 tachi carries a leather-covered iron mounting once cherished by Inukai Bokudō; and one of his blades descends through Akimoto Saemon Gorō Fujiwara Yoshihide and into the Imperial collection. Most designated blades, his included, are held rather than traded, but his are not beyond reach in the way a Kamakura masterwork is: a Jūyō Tsunahiro, signed and ubu, comes to the collector of late-MuromachiSōshū from time to time, with patience, and is among the most rewarding things that close of the tradition offers.
Kantei
one late-Soshu manner read across the documented generations rather than as a single hand: the dated shodai of Tenbun, whose rule is the hitatsura-bound gunome-midare but who also left the rare suguha exception, and the later generations (placed by the published sources at Tensho, Keicho and beyond) who carry the same yahazu-and-hitatsura range forward under the inherited name, several Juyo pieces appraised as no earlier than the third generation
Tsunahiro, the smith who closes the Soshu tradition. The shodai, transmitted as a descendant of Hiromasa who first signed Masahiro, was summoned by Hojo Ujitsuna to Odawara and granted the character tsuna, his earliest dated works falling in the Tenbun era (1532-55). His name then runs in an unbroken line, the second generation placed in Tensho, the third in Keicho, on into the Edo period. His hand is the late Soshu manner held to its final flourishing: over an itamejigane mixed with mokume that stands and runs, with ji-nie well attached and chikei entering, he tempers a gunome-midare into which choji, the yahazu (arrow-notch) tooth, togariba and ko-notare are mixed, the ha widening as it rises, then carries tobiyaki and muneyaki across the ji until the whole becomes hitatsura, the full-temper manner the published sources name his forte and trace back to Hiromitsu and Akihiro. The boshi runs in midare-komi to a ko-maru or pointed return, often hakikake. Against this stands a documented exception, the rare suguhatachi of the dated shodai. The carving is a marked tell, true and grass kurikara, bonji on a lotus pedestal, and the incised invocations Hachiman Daibosatsu and Namu Myoho Renge Kyo the published sources call distinctive of late Soshu. He is signed and ubu almost throughout, the five-character Soshu-ju Tsunahiro mei cut low toward the mune, and stands as a representative Soshu maker of the Muromachi period.
Diagnostic discriminators
矢筈の刃を交える互の目乱れyahazu no ha o majieru gunome-midare5
42% of his works
飛焼・棟焼より皆焼に至るtobiyaki, muneyaki yori hitatsura ni itaru4
33% of his works
肌立ち流れごころの板目に地沸hada-tachi, nagare-gokoro no itame ni ji-nie5
50% of his works
末相州の特色ある陰刻の彫物sue-Soshu no tokushoku aru inkoku no horimono4
42% of his works
Observation by phase
The shodai of Tenbun: dated, signed, the documented first generation
The earliest dated works, in the Tenbun era, fix the shodai: the 1548 tachi and the Tenbun 22 (1553) wakizashi bearing both date and smith mei. Sugata runs to wide, sun-nobihira-zukuriwakizashi with strong sakizori and to imposing shinogi-zukurikatana and tachi with mitsu-mune. The kitae is itame, in places running and standing, with ji-nie attached and a little tobiyaki. The temper is the school core, a gunome-midare carrying choji and the yahazu tooth that widens toward the tip and slips into a hitatsura tendency, ko-nie attached with sunagashi and kinsuji, the nioi rather deep. The boshi runs in midare-komi to a maru or pointed return with a long kaeri. The shodai also left a documented exception, a chu-suguhatachi with ko-gunome that the published sources call an unusual work for him, examples of which are met among his tanto and wakizashi. The nakago is ubu with the five-character Soshu-ju Tsunahiro mei cut low on the omote toward the mune.
The documented suguha exception of the shodai— the dated 1548 tachi, on which the temper leaves the hitatsura range for a chu-suguha-cho broken by ko-gunome with ashi, the nioiguchi tight with ko-nie; the published sources name this an unusual work for him and note that examples of the kind are occasionally met among his tanto and wakizashi
中直刃調chu-suguha-cho1小互の目ko-gunome1
His forte: the yahazu gunome-midare carried into hitatsura
the hira-zukuri wakizashi above all, on which the gunome-midare with yahazu and choji widens to the tip and is overrun by tobiyaki and muneyaki into hitatsura; the published sources name this the smith's forte and a representative late-Soshu work of the Muromachi period
The manner the published sources call Tsunahiro's forte hardens a gunome-midare into which choji and the yahazu tooth, togariba and ko-notare are mixed, the ha widening as it rises; nie attaches well with sunagashi, and tobiyaki, muneyaki and yubashiri are carried across the ji until the whole becomes hitatsura, one wakizashi showing the crescent-shaped tobiyaki the judges name a distinctive feature of his hand. The jigane behind it is itame mixed with mokume and nagare-hada that stands, with ji-nie well attached and chikei entering. The boshi is midare-komi turning in maru or ko-maru, often hakikake, with a long kaeri tempered down. The published sources trace this full-temper manner to Hiromitsu and Akihiro and read it as the late-Soshu adornment he brought to a close; several of these pieces are appraised at Genki-Tensho or no earlier than the third generation, the same range continued under the inherited name.
The later generations: the name carried forward, Genki-Tensho and after
less firmly establishedthe undated shinogi-zukuri katana judged by taihai, several appraised at no earlier than the third generation around Genki-Tensho, on which the same yahazu gunome-midare over standing itame-mokume marks the inherited Tsunahiro range
The published sources set out the accepted generation scheme, the first in Tenbun, the second in Tensho, the third in Keicho, the fourth in Kan'ei and the fifth around Manji, and judge several blades by overall bearing rather than date. A wide, sun-nobiwakizashi with strongly developed sakizori is appraised at Genki-Tensho, and several shinogi-zukurikatana are read as no earlier than the third generation, the judges expressly leaving a closer determination to future research. The hand is continuous across them, the samegunome-midare with yahazu and togariba over a standing itame-mokumejigane, so that the later work is recognised as Tsunahiro by the inherited range rather than by a changed manner. The horimono carry through as a school tell, true and grass kurikara, bonji and the incised invocations.
Jigane 地鉄
小板目ko-itame1流れ柾nagare-masa1
Hamon 刃文
互の目gunome2矢筈刃yahazu-ba2尖り刃togariba1飛焼tobiyaki2
Bōshi 帽子
尖togari1
Scholarship
The published sources transmit the shodai as a descendant of Hiromasa who first signed Masahiro and, summoned by Hojo Ujitsuna to Odawara, received the character tsuna and changed his name; his earliest dated works are of the Tenbun era and his descendants continued into the shinto period, transmitting the name generation after generation.1
The judges set out the accepted generation scheme, the first in Tenbun, the second in Tensho, the third in Keicho, the fourth in Kan'ei and the fifth around Manji, and appraise several undated blades at no earlier than the third generation, expressly leaving a closer determination of generation to future research.1
Dated Works
Years he was demonstrably active, proven by signed-and-dated blades
Active period
1553Editorial estimate: 1532–1555
1 of 11 designated works carry a date
1553
天文廿二年Juyo session 31, item 60
Historical importance
Where Tsunahiro stands among comparable artisans: across all of nihontō, and within tradition, era, and period. The tiers (Foremost · Leading · Major · Notable) weigh official designations from the NBTHK and Japan's Agency for Cultural Affairs, together with historical honors of lasting repute such as the Sansaku and Meibutsu-chō.
随一
Foremost
屈指
Leading
有数
Major
Sue-kotō / Momoyama
著名
Notable
All nihontōSōshūKotō
Select a lens to see how it's measured.
Designations
Kokuhō—
Jūyō Bunkazai—
Jūyō Bijutsuhin1
Gyobutsu1
Tokubetsu Jūyō—
Jūyō Tōken10
Elite Standing
0.03 across 12 designated works
Top 25% among smiths
Provenance
5 documented provenances across certified works by Tsunahiro
▸Imperial1
Shogunal—
Premier Daimyō—
Major Daimyō—
▸Other Daimyō2
Zaibatsu—
Institutions—
▸Named Collectors2
Provenance Standing
1 works held in elite collections across 5 documented provenances