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  3. Nobuyoshi

Senjuin Nobuyoshi

延吉

Tokujū
Vol. 18, No. 12 · Tachi

Senjuin Nobuyoshi

延吉

29 ranked works

ProvinceYamatoEraShoo (1288–1293)PeriodKamakuraSchoolSenjuinTraditionYamato-denFujishiroJo-jo sakuToko Taikan900(top 10%)TypeSwordsmithCodeNOB117
1Kokuhō
1Jūyō Bunkazai
1Jūyō Bijutsuhin
1Tokubetsu Jūyō25Jūyō Tōken

Overview

Nobuyoshi is the one famous name of the Ryūmon group, a branch of Yamato swordsmiths active from the late period into the . The published sources are nearly unanimous on his origins: "Nobuyoshi is traditionally said to have been a smith descending from the Senjuin line" (延吉は千手院派の流れを汲む鍛冶と伝え), and because he lived at Ryūmon-shō in Yoshino District, on the road that runs from Yoshino through to Uda, he was given the byname Ryūmon Nobuyoshi. The group is said to have included other smiths, with names such as Nagayoshi and Yoshiyuki appearing in the reference works, but only Nobuyoshi became well known, to the degree that, as one commentary puts it, "when one speaks of Ryūmon, it refers to Nobuyoshi" (竜門といえば延吉を指すほどである). No dated blade by him survives; the swordbooks place him around the Shōō or Bunpō eras.

The hand that defines him is not one manner but two, and the draws the division on nearly every paper. One mode forges "a lively , or a -toned temper into which chōji-ashi enter" (賑やかな乱れ刃や直刃調に丁子足の入った刃文を焼き), with standing in the and a character coming forward. The other is a that frays into , in which " does not stand and the Yamato color is strongly shown" (映りが立たず大和色が濃厚に示された), quiet and austere in feeling. His finest signed , the wide-bodied piece once held by the Hori viscount and treasured by Inukai Bokudō, is the showy mode at its best: a wide with shallow , mixing , , and angular elements, and entering, the tightening with , and uchi-noke worked in, with and fine . The published sources call it "foremost among works by the hand" (同作中屈指の優品).

The is the constant that carries both modes. It is a well-forged that flows and inclines to , with thick laid finely and entering frequently, the strengthening toward the edge on the most Yamato of his blades. Over that the is the variable: on the -leaning blades a clear , sometimes a soft ; on the Yamato blades none at all. The runs straight and finishes in , often , sometimes a with a short turnback, and across nearly the whole record the is bright and clear. Even in the lively mode the temper stays -based with and set into it rather than opening into a free , so the bright with and is the Yamato root that holds the two manners together.

His signature divides as his workmanship does. Two ways of cutting the right element of the character 延 are observed, a blocky form resembling an abbreviated 正 and a cursive sōsho form resembling 氏; the published sources record that later writers "call the former Masa-Nobuyoshi and the latter Uji-Nobuyoshi" (前者を正延吉・後者を氏延吉と呼んでいる). The distinction is not merely calligraphic, for the sources note that blades with the former signature tend to a more tightly knit and those with the latter to a more standing grain, and one signed is read as a transitional piece between the two. Signed works are set with a large two-character and survive in only a small number, so a genuine in- Nobuyoshi is a precious thing to encounter.

What places him is exactly this position between two traditions. His bright and chōji-ashi set the -leaning mode apart from the plainer Senjuin and , while the subdued -with- keeps him within Yamato. The published sources observe that his smaller-signature blades have since old times been confused with Ko- work, and that confusion is itself the measure of where he stands. On the , which form the bulk of his record, the judges affirm the attribution from the high- construction, the flowing -inclined forging and the bright alone, calling one such blade a full expression of "the characteristic features and merits of Ryūmon Nobuyoshi in both and ."

For the collector he is a rare early Yamato name carried by a single great work. Fujishiro grades him Jō-jō . A signed transmitted as an imperial possession of Emperor Go-Mizunoo is a National Treasure, and the published sources say plainly that "the presence of this celebrated masterpiece has contributed greatly to the high reputation of Nobuyoshi" (この名作があることによって延吉の名が高い); two further signed are Important Cultural Properties, one of them preserved at Shitsukiyama Shrine in Yamaguchi. These are heritage held in shrine and institution and are not encountered on the market. His blades carry distinguished provenance recorded on their own papers, the Hori viscount and Inukai Tsuyoshi on the , the Date of Sendai and the Uesugi among the . Beyond the locked tier his record runs through one , the and the prewar Jūyō Bijutsuhin, some twenty-six blades in the and ranks all told, most held rather than traded. A signed example comes to light only seldom and a fine attribution from time to time, so a privately held Ryūmon Nobuyoshi is a notable thing for a collector, a document of how Yamato and met in one Yoshino hand.

Kantei

two workmanship modes of one Ryūmon hand, drawn explicitly by the published sources: a Bizen-leaning mode of lively midare or chōji-ashi suguha with standing utsuri, set against a Yamato mode of subdued suguha with hotsure and no utsuri, both crossed by a two-manner signature, the tightly-forged Masa-Nobuyoshi and the standing-grain Uji-Nobuyoshi

Nobuyoshi, commonly called Ryūmon Nobuyoshi, is the one famous name of the Ryūmon group, a branch said to descend from the Yamato Senjuin school and to have lived at Ryūmon-shō in Yoshino District, late Kamakura into the Nanbokuchō period. The published sources say of him almost without exception that his workmanship divides broadly into two: one a lively midare or a suguha-based temper into which chōji-ashi enter, with utsuri standing in the jigane and a Bizen-like character emerging; the other a suguha with hotsure in which utsuri does not appear and the Yamato color is strongly shown. Across both his ground is a well-forged itame, often flowing and inclining to masame, with thick ji-nie and frequent chikei; his boshi runs straight and finishes in hakikake, often yakizume; and his nioiguchi is consistently bright and clear. His signature too divides in two manners, which later writers came to call Masa-Nobuyoshi and Uji-Nobuyoshi after the way the right element of the character 延 is cut, the tightly-forged blades tending to carry the former and the more standing-grain blades the latter. Signed works are few; a signed tachi reaches National Treasure, two more are Important Cultural Properties, and the bulk of his record is mid-to-late-Kamakura mumei attributions affirmed from the broad Yamato manner with its Bizen admixture.

Diagnostic discriminators

Observation by phase

The Bizen-leaning mode (lively midare, chōji-ashi, standing utsuri)

The published sources name as one of his two modes a lively midare, or a suguha-based temper into which chōji-ashi enter, accompanied by utsuri standing in the jigane and a Bizen-like character. His finest signed tachi, the slightly shortened wide-bodied piece once held by the Hori viscount and treasured by Inukai Bokudō, is exactly this hand: a wide suguha-chō with shallow notare mixing gunome, chōji, pointed elements and angular forms, ashi and yō entering, the nioiguchi tightening with ko-nie, nijūba and uchi-noke intermingled, kinsuji and fine sunagashi, all over a well-forged itame with mokume and a nagare tendency, thick ji-nie, chikei, and a clearly standing midare-utsuri. On the mumei attributions of this mode the temper is a chōji-ashi suguha or an outright chōji-midare, the jigane carrying a midare-utsuri or a soft nie-utsuri, the ground steel bright. The published sources call the Tokujū tachi among the very finest of his extant works, robust and ample in nikuoki, and the dignity of the imposing wide-bodied shape with high koshizori is part of the impression.

Sugata 姿
Jigane 地鉄
Hamon 刃文
Bōshi 帽子

The Yamato mode (subdued suguha with hotsure, no utsuri)

The other mode the published sources name is a suguha into which hotsure enters, utsuri not standing, the Yamato color shown strongly and the manner subdued. Here the temper is a chū-suguha or fine suguha, the habuchi fraying into hotsure with kuichigai-ba, ko-nie well adhered, fine kinsuji and sunagashi running, the nioiguchi bright. Over a high-shinogi construction the ground is an itame that flows and inclines to masame, standing a little, with thick ji-nie and chikei, the masame strengthening toward the edge. The boshi runs straight, becomes hakikake, often finishing yakizume, sometimes ko-maru with a short turnback. The published sources hold the signed kodachi once an imperial possession and the late-Kamakura suguha tachi to show the dignified, gentle nioiguchi proper to the Yamato manner, and affirm the many mumei katana of this mode as Ryūmon work from the construction and the suguha hotsure alone.

Sugata 姿
Jigane 地鉄
Hamon 刃文
Bōshi 帽子

The signature register (Masa-Nobuyoshi vs Uji-Nobuyoshi)

Distinct from the workmanship modes, the published sources draw a second division in the signature itself. Two manners of cutting the right element of the character 延 are observed: a blocky, kaisho-like form resembling an abbreviated 正, and a cursive, sōsho-like form resembling 氏; the character 吉 is cut nearly the same in both. Later writers came to call these Masa-Nobuyoshi and Uji-Nobuyoshi. The sources note a correlation with the forging: blades carrying the former signature tend to a more tightly knit hada, those with the latter to a more standing grain. One signed tachi is read as a transitional piece between the two manners. The signed examples are few, set with a large two-character mei, and a genuine in-mei Nobuyoshi is a precious thing to encounter.

Sugata 姿
Jigane 地鉄
Scholarship

The published sources state almost uniformly that Ryūmon Nobuyoshi descends from the Senjuin school and resided at Ryūmon-shō, that no dated work survives, and that his workmanship divides into the Bizen-leaning utsuri-and-chōji mode and the Yamato suguha-with-hotsure mode. They add that his signature divides in two manners, later named Masa-Nobuyoshi and Uji-Nobuyoshi after the cutting of the character 延, with the tightly-forged blades tending to the former and the standing-grain blades to the latter.

On the smaller-signature pieces the published sources caution that they have since old times been confused with Ko-Bizen Ko-Ichimonji work, and that the Ryūmon group must have comprised a considerable number of smiths though only Nobuyoshi is widely known; the mumei katana of the lively mode are nonetheless affirmed as Ryūmon work from era, construction and the broad Yamato manner with its Bizen admixture.

Designations

Kokuhō1
Jūyō Bunkazai1
Jūyō Bijutsuhin1
Gyobutsu—
Tokubetsu Jūyō1
Jūyō Tōken25

Elite Standing

0.22 across 29 designated works

Top 11% among smiths

Provenance

10 documented provenances across certified works by Nobuyoshi

Provenance Standing

4 works held in elite collections across 10 documented provenances

Top 16% among smiths

Raw score: 2.20 / 10

Blade Forms

Distribution across 29 ranked works

Signatures

Signature types across 29 ranked works

Currently Available

Lineage

Nobuyoshi
Student
  1. 1.Nobukuni信國

Senjuin School

Other artisans of the Senjuin school

  1. 1.Sukemitsu助光6designated
  2. 2.Yoshihiro吉弘5designated
  3. 3.Yoshihiro義弘3designated
  4. 4.Kunimitsu國光1designated
  5. 5.Shigehiro重弘1designated
  6. 6.Shigeyuki重行1designated
  7. 7.Rikio力王1designated
  8. 8.Aritoshi有俊1designated
  9. 9.Yukimitsu行光1designated
  10. 10.Nakazane中眞1designated
  11. 11.Yoshimitsu吉光2designated
  12. 12.Sukeuji助氏1designated