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  1. Schools
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  4. Ryokai

Ryokai

了戒

Tokujū
Vol. 13, No. 5 · Tachi

Ryokai

了戒

95 ranked works

ProvinceYamashiroEraShoo (1288–1293)PeriodKamakuraSchoolRai>RyokaiTraditionYamashiro-denFujishiroJo sakuToko Taikan800(top 14%)TypeSwordsmithCodeRYO10
2Jūyō Bunkazai
4Jūyō Bijutsuhin
2Gyobutsu
4Tokubetsu Jūyō83Jūyō Tōken

Overview

Ryōkai of Yamashiro Province founded the Ryōkai school, one of the offshoots of the late capital, and worked in the years as Kunitoshi: his surviving dated blades carry the era names Shōō, Einin, Kagen and Engen. The old account makes him a son or a pupil of Kunitoshi, but the published sources note that the dated pieces place him almost level with Kunitoshi, so that he reads more naturally as a fellow disciple (aitedeshi); and if the 'two-character Kunitoshi' and Kunitoshi are taken as different men, Ryōkai would instead be the son of the two-character Kunitoshi. Either way his is the Yamashiro hand softened a degree, and the published record fixes the difference precisely, noting that with him 'the and can feel somewhat less forceful' (地刃がやや弱く感じられる) than Kunitoshi's. He is Jō- in Fujishiro's grading, the head from whom the Ryōkai line descends.

The hand the published descriptions assign him is a quiet one. Over a packed or , often flowing toward and standing a little open, fine adheres thickly and fine enter, and a whitish stands in the . The temper is a calm chū- or , mixing here a small , or , with and entering, sometimes a Kyoto-style reverse along the edge. Its distinguishing mark is the : it tightens and grows austere, and in places clouds into , that moist, soft quality the published sources name again and again as a Ryōkai point. The judges set the contrast with the parent exactly, writing that compared with Kunitoshi 'the is one degree tighter and the activity within the temper lonelier, breaking in places into ' (来国俊より一段と匂口が締まって刃中が淋しく、部分的にうるみごころを呈し). The closes into a , often brushed with a little .

The is where the school turns from toward Yamato. The forging carries mixed into the , the published record observing that the 'shows more tendency than in Kunitoshi' and takes on a whitish cast, and the that rises with it is the first thing that separates a Ryōkai blade from its parent: where keeps a clear, bright - or , Ryōkai stands a paler, drier . On the finest the steel shows in a piled manner with and a faint , the Kyoto refinement still legible beneath the school's drift; on the plainer the grain flows openly toward and the whitens further. Fine and run within a tight, bright , faint and fray the , and the keeps to its .

His work survives in two registers of the one manner. The signed pieces are slender and , the a boldly cut two-character Ryō- set toward the above the first ; the keep a high toward a small , the run in with a thick , the typical late- Kyoto , several carved with and on the and on the . Of one such the published sources write that, complete in every part, it is 'altogether elegant' (いかにも典雅である), a work that 'may well be called a representative work of Ryōkai' (了戒の代表作と称してよく), adding that 'the signature too is of the archetypal type' (銘字も典型的である). The second register, and the bulk of the designated record, is given to him on the hand: the wa-zori and Kyoto air recall at first glance, but the tightening, sinking, clouding , the flowing and the settle the attribution to Ryōkai. A small number of collaborative dated blades signed with his son Hisanobu also survive, the work close to the father's , signed examples of the son being very rare.

The distinction the judges draw most often is the one against itself, for the school stands so close to its parent that the two are confused at sight. The published record states it plainly: Ryōkai 'is often mistaken for Kunitoshi' (まま来国俊に紛れるが), the attribution then settled not by any single feature but by the softer and , the in the , the whitish and the clouding line, since 'the has an quality, and the carries more than Kunitoshi' (匂口にうるみごころがあり、地に来国俊よりも柾気がある). His own grounded tells separate him from the sister school as cleanly: where turns the in a large, deep , Ryōkai closes into a small , and his clouds into the that leaves bright. Downstream the Ryōkai name ran for several generations, his son Ryō Hisanobu next, and by the and eras a Kyushu branch had formed, the Chikushi Ryōkai of Bungo and Buzen descended from the Kyoto line.

Ryōkai is a smith of real standing whose designated work can still be encountered, though sparingly. Of his blades on the official record, two are Important Cultural Properties, among them the famed Akita Ryōkai ; four are and eighty-three , eighty-seven across the Tokujū and tiers. The Important Cultural Properties are patrimony, held and studied rather than traded, and most of the designated blades, signed or attributed, are kept in long-held public and private collections, among them the Tokyo National Museum, the Sano Art Museum and Monobe Jinja, with prewar Jūyō-Bijutsuhin pieces recorded against the Maeda and other houses. One preserves a tradition that it was 'a sword worn by Miyamoto ' (宮本武蔵佩刀との伝え), and his blades pass through the Isahaya, Date and Maeda families. Of the works whose whereabouts are recorded, only the and tier reaches the market, and then rarely; a signed Ryōkai or in particular is among the scarcer things a collector of Kyoto work will meet, coming to hand only with patience.

Kantei

One coherent Ryokai manner (the quiet suguha, the shirake-utsuri and masame-lean, the urumi nioiguchi and ko-maru boshi that step the Rai look down a degree) read in two registers: signed niji-mei ubu tachi and tanto, and osuriage mumei katana attributed to Ryokai on the same hand. The collector need is two contrasts: against the parent Rai (the shirake, urumi and masame), and against Enju, the other Rai offshoot, which shares the shirake and masame but parts on the boshi and the nijuba.

Ryokai is the founder of the Ryokai school of Yamashiro, working at the end of , by the old account a son or pupil of Kunitoshi though the published sources, on the surviving dated blades (Shoo, Einin, Kagen, Engen), now lean to making him Kunitoshi's co-pupil (aitedeshi). His is the Yamashiro look one step softened: a packed /, dust-fine and fine , but with mixed into the forging and a whitish standing in the , hardened in a quiet chu- or whose tightens, sinks a little and frequently clouds into , the activity in the kept sparse, the closing into a . The published sources fix the difference from precisely: the and feel a little weaker than Kunitoshi's, the tighter and lonelier, the and more pronounced. He survives as slender and with a two-character , and as attributed to him; from him the Ryokai name ran for generations, his son Ryo Hisanobu next, and a Kyushu branch (Chikushi Ryokai) issuing later.

Diagnostic discriminators

the prime tell separating Ryokai from the Rai parent: a whitish shirake-utsuri stands in the ji where Rai has essentially none (Rai Kunimitsu 0%, Rai Kunitoshi 1%); the published sources name it together with the masame-lean as the first point dividing Ryokai from Rai

the suguha clouds into urumi at roughly four times the Rai rate (Rai Kunitoshi 5%, Rai Kunimitsu 1%), and almost never in Enju (0%); the published sources name it as a Ryokai point, the nioiguchi tighter and lonelier than Kunitoshi's, and it is the cleanest separator from the sister Enju school

masame mixed into the itame, the Yamato-ward drift of this Rai offshoot, at roughly three times the Rai Kunimitsu rate (6%); the Honma commentary states it directly, that Ryokai carries more masame in the ji than Rai Kunitoshi

his temper narrows to a hoso-suguha far more often than the Rai parent (Rai Kunimitsu 3%, Rai Kunitoshi 15%); suguha overall is 91% of his corpus, the quiet narrow line being the Ryokai default where Rai runs wider and busier

the boshi separates the two Rai offshoots: Ryokai closes sugu into a ko-maru (85%), where Enju takes a large-radius o-maru with a shallow turnback (Enju ko-maru 38%, o-maru the school habit); with the urumi nioiguchi this is the cleanest Ryokai-vs-Enju discrimination

Observation by phase

The Ryokai manner: Rai softened (shirake-utsuri, masame-lean, the urumi suguha)

Over a packed or , often flowing toward and standing a little open, the carries dust-fine , fine and the school's whitish . The temper is a quiet chu- or , occasionally mixing small , or , the tightening and sinking, breaking into in places, with and , sometimes Kyoto-style reverse , faint and , fine . The closes into a , often with a little . Against the parent the published sources set the difference exactly: the and feel a degree weaker than Kunitoshi, the tighter and more austere, the and more marked, and the clouds into where stays brighter.

Sugata 姿
Jigane 地鉄
Hamon 刃文
京逆足kyo-sakaashi
Bōshi 帽子

Signed niji-mei register (ubu tachi and tanto)

ubu blades carrying a bold or comparatively large two-character mei (Ryo-kai) set toward the first mekugi-ana; the tachi slender with a high koshizori and small kissaki, the tanto in uchizori with a thick kasane, several carrying bonji, suken and gomabashi carving

His signed survivals run to slender and to , the a bold two-character Ryo- set toward the above the first . The keep a high toward a small ; the are in with a thick , the typical late- Kyoto , several carved with and on the and on the . The published sources call the signed in particular elegant and typical, the model of his hand. and collaborative dated blades with his son Hisanobu are also recorded.

Sugata 姿

Mumei osuriage katana register (attributed on the hand)

osuriage mumei katana, attributed to Ryokai on the ring-shaped wa-zori, the slender Kyoto body and the shirake/urumi reading; the wa-zori and Kyo air recall Rai at first glance, but the tightened, sinking, clouding nioiguchi and the masame-lean settle the attribution to Ryokai

A large part of the designated record is given to Ryokai. The wa-zori and Kyoto air recall at first glance, but the tightening and sinking , the , the and the flowing read as Ryokai. The here mixes a little and , and enter, forms, the frays faintly into and , and run fine, the to a . The judges repeatedly call these the typical hand of Ryokai and confirm the attribution.

Sugata 姿
Jigane 地鉄
Hamon 刃文
Scholarship

His dating rests on the year-signed survivals, Shoo, Einin, Kagen and Engen, which put him almost level with Rai Kunitoshi and underlie the co-pupil reading over the older son or pupil tradition.

A small number of collaborative dated blades signed with his son Hisanobu survive, the geba close to the father's suguha, signed examples of the son being very rare.

Designations

Kokuhō—
Jūyō Bunkazai2
Jūyō Bijutsuhin4
Gyobutsu2
Tokubetsu Jūyō4
Jūyō Tōken83

Elite Standing

0.38 across 95 designated works

Top 7% among smiths

Provenance

13 documented provenances across certified works by Ryokai

Provenance Standing

6 works held in elite collections across 13 documented provenances

Top 11% among smiths

Raw score: 2.43 / 10

Blade Forms

Distribution across 95 ranked works

Signatures

Signature types across 95 ranked works

Currently Available

Lineage

Ryokai
Students (4)
  1. 1.Kunitoshi國俊5 for sale208designated
  2. 2.Hisanobu久信5designated
  3. 3.Nobukuni信國1 for sale
  4. 4.Ryokai了戒6designated

Ryokai School

Other artisans of the Ryokai school

  1. 1.Hisanobu久信5designated
  2. 2.Noshin能真1 for sale1designated
  3. 3.Ryokai了戒6designated