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Yokoya Somin

宗珉

Tokujū
Vol. 25, No. 77 · Kozuka

Yokoya Somin

宗珉

48 ranked works

ProvinceEdoEraMid-Edo (1670–1733)SchoolYokoyaTraditionMachiboriTeacherGoto school (inherited bakufu metalworker post); influenced by painter Hanabusa IchoSpecialtieskozuka, menuki, fuchi-kashira, kogaiTypeTosogu MakerCodeYOK001
4Jūyō Bunkazai
15Jūyō Bijutsuhin
6Tokubetsu Jūyō23Jūyō Tōken

Overview

Yokoya Somin (横谷宗珉), born in in 10 (1670) under the personal name Tomotsune, was the third-generation master of the Yokoya family, the largest metalworking lineage of the period. His grandfather, the first-generation Yokoya Soko, had studied under the Goto house and served the Tokugawa shogunate as an official metalworker. Somin likewise entered shogunal service and trained in the hereditary iebori manner, but — finding the convention-bound idiom of the Goto house unsatisfying and "influenced as well by the tastes of the time" — he resigned his stipend and entered the independent sphere. There he "exercised his abilities to the fullest, achieved great success, and came to be called the founder of ." He cultivated a close friendship with the Kano-school-trained painter Hanabusa Iccho, from whom he "received guidance regarding designs and pictorial conceptions." He also studied with Kano Tan'yu, deepening his art by working from painters' designs. He used the common name Chojiro (later Jihei), the art name Ton'an, and was first called Sochi before adopting the name Somin after his father's death. He died in Kyoho 18 (1733) at the age of sixty-four.

Somin's manner "may broadly be divided into two principal modes": richly modeled with polychrome metal inlay () in gold, silver, and , and , "a technique he originated." In the former mode, his carving displays "an overwhelming abundance of modeled volume" () with "bold rises and falls in the flesh, producing a forceful and crisply articulated carving manner" that "clearly reveals both Somin's Goto lineage and the thoroughness of his training." In the latter, his chisel work shows "pronounced modulation" and "decisive" strokes, "alternating depth and shallowness at will," with "modulations of speed and emphasis that recall ink painting." His command of grounds in , polished surfaces, and techniques such as , , and yobori was comprehensive. Among his most distinctive inventions are the "Yokoya lions" (shishi) — rendered with such immediacy that "one experiences the illusion that the lion might spring forth from the itself" — and his innovative vertically oriented tatezu compositions for , depicting lions, tigers, horses, and other subjects "from the front or from behind." His employ in'-ne roots, kukuridashi, and chikara-gane, while his demonstrate a mastery of negative space, "unfolding a weighty subject with an unforced expansiveness."

The consistently characterize Somin as an artist of supreme technical authority, describing his work as displaying "the very quintessence of Somin's artistry" and "outstanding technical mastery." His ability to harmonize deliberately contrasting ground treatments and carving methods within a single composition is called "an exceptionally difficult task" in which "Somin's outstanding technique is displayed to its fullest." His chisel handling is praised as "at once delicate and boldly expressive," possessing "a severity and awe-inspiring intensity that other craftsmen could not rival." His influence is described as having "exerted a major influence on later generations of metalworkers" — a phrase that appears in virtually every assessment. Whether working in the high-relief of his Goto heritage or in the freely modulated he pioneered, Somin "opened a new direction through freer, life-sketch-based realism," establishing a tradition that fundamentally reshaped the world of -period sword fittings.

Kantei

3 descriptive axes: material (grounds and metals) x technique (carving and inlay) x themes (his signature subjects vs painter-derived genre compositions); plus the register break from Goto ie-bori to his founded machibori. Two technical hands: takabori-iroe and his created katakiri-bori.

Yokoya Somin is the founder of (town carving), the metalwork artist who broke the Goto monopoly on soft-metal fittings. Third head of the Yokoya line, he trained in the hereditary Goto ie-bori and served the shogunate, then left office to work freely, founding the naturalist town-carving tradition that dominated kinko thereafter. His distinguishing marks are his own creation, the painterly katakiri-bori single-edged line; the eponymous Yokoya lion () modelled from Kano and Hanabusa Itcho underdrawings; and bold vertical compositions viewing lions, tigers and horses head-on or from behind. He kept the Goto-derived ground but freed everything carved upon it.

Diagnostic discriminators

katakiri-bori is his own creation, the painterly single-edged line absent from Goto ie-bori and the technical foundation of all machibori

he is the founder (machibori no so); the whole town-carving movement that overtook Goto kinko descends from him

unique vs all other kinko artists

Material

He keeps the Goto-derived ground: worked in with in gold and iro-e over a plain backing plate, often as a plain-bodied bo-. The continuity of ground is deliberate; the freedom is all in the carving above it.

Technique

Two hands divide his work: the orthodox-rooted with polychrome iro-e (and ), and his own creation, katakiri-bori, a single-slanted-chisel line that carries painterly brushwork into metal. Fine details the rest.

Themes

Two thematic registers, both naturalist: his eponymous signature subjects, the Yokoya lion and the peony-lion, with tigers; and bold genre and animal compositions drawn from painters' under-drawings, horses and figures viewed head-on or from behind in striking vertical framing.

Yokoya lion and peony (his signature subjects)

The eponymous , the front-facing lion of overwhelming presence, with the peony-eating lion (-kui-jishi) and branch-peony, and tigers, all in vigorous iro-e foreign to the Goto okite-mono.

Genre and animals from painters' under-drawings

Horses and figures composed from Kano and Hanabusa Itcho under-drawings, the standing-horse (tachiba) seen front and back and genre subjects such as the Asazuma boat, in vertical framing that was radically novel and shaped all later kinko.

Full iconography

Signature chronology

Placement
Recorded signatures

Documentary note

Somin's grandfather, the first Yokoya Soyo, studied in the Goto school under the Injo line and served the shogunate as a Goto sub-contractor; Somin too was first retained in ie-bori before leaving office. Workshop and pieces are co-signed by his pupil-successor Soyo (e.g. 'made by Somin' with Soko added), and many fine works are unsigned attributions, so the Somin/pupil boundary is itself an attribution axis.

Scholarship

His naturalism was developed in close company with the painters Kano Tan'yu and Hanabusa Itcho, whose under-drawings he is recorded to have used.

His output is divided into two hands, takabori iro-e and his created katakiri-bori, the latter the technical origin of town carving.

Designations

Kokuhō—
Jūyō Bunkazai4
Jūyō Bijutsuhin15
Gyobutsu—
Tokubetsu Jūyō6
Jūyō Tōken23

Elite Standing

1.01 across 48 designated works

Top 1% among makers

Provenance

17 documented provenances across certified works by Somin

Provenance Standing

3 works held in elite collections across 17 documented provenances

Top 14% among makers

Raw score: 2.15 / 10

Work Types

Distribution across 48 ranked works

Kozuka
1545%
Other
824%
Menuki
412%
Tsuba
39%
Fuchi-Kashira
26%
Mitokoromono
13%

Signatures

Signature types across 48 ranked works

Currently Available

Lineage

Somin
Students (5)
  1. 1.Soyo宗與2 for sale13designated
  2. 2.Soju宗壽1 for sale3designated
  3. 3.Genchin元珍3 for sale1designated
  4. 4.Terumasa英昌
  5. 5.Terukiyo英精1designated

Yokoya School

Other artisans of the Yokoya school

  1. 1.Soyo宗與2 for sale13designated
  2. 2.Masa雅3designated
  3. 3.Soju宗壽1 for sale3designated
  4. 4.Terukiyo英精1designated
  5. 5.Katsura Eiju桂永寿1 for sale2designated
  6. 6.Tomoyoshi友喜1 for sale2designated
  7. 7.Genchin元珍3 for sale1designated
  8. 8.Eiko英光1designated
  9. 9.Naoteru直照1designated
  10. 10.Soyo宗与1designated
  11. 11.Kiryusai Somin起龍斎宗珉3 for sale1designated
  12. 12.Nobusada宣貞1designated